Specification points
Edexcel AS Business 8BS0
179 points in 2 topics, with Edexcel's codes and titles.
Codes and titles are read by a script from Edexcel's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Edexcel’s specification.
1 Marketing and people
- 1.1 Meeting customer needs
- 1.1.1 The market
- 1.1.1a Mass markets and niche markets
- 1.1.1b Dynamic markets
- 1.1.1c How competition affects the market
- 1.1.1d The difference between risk and uncertainty
- 1.1.2 Market research
- 1.1.2a Product and market orientation
- 1.1.2b Uses of primary and secondary market research
- 1.1.2c Limitations of market research, sample size and bias
- 1.1.2d Use of ICT to support market research
- 1.1.2e Market segmentation
- 1.1.3 Market positioning
- 1.1.3a Market mapping
- 1.1.3b Competitive advantage of a product or service
- 1.1.3c The purpose of product differentiation
- 1.1.3d Adding value to products/services
- 1.2 The market
- 1.2.1 Demand
- 1.2.1a Factors leading to a change in demand
- 1.2.2 Supply
- 1.2.2a Factors leading to a change in supply
- 1.2.3 Markets
- 1.2.3a The interaction of supply and demand
- 1.2.3b Supply and demand diagrams and price changes
- 1.2.4 Price elasticity of demand
- 1.2.4a Calculation of price elasticity of demand
- 1.2.4b Interpretation of numerical values of price elasticity of demand
- 1.2.4c The factors influencing price elasticity of demand
- 1.2.4d Price elasticity of demand and pricing
- 1.2.4e Price elasticity of demand and total revenue
- 1.2.5 Income elasticity of demand
- 1.2.5a Calculation of income elasticity of demand
- 1.2.5b Interpretation of numerical values of income elasticity of demand
- 1.2.5c The factors influencing income elasticity of demand
- 1.2.5d The significance of income elasticity of demand to businesses
- 1.3 Marketing mix and strategy
- 1.3.1 Product/service design
- 1.3.1a Design mix
- 1.3.1b Changes in the elements of the design mix to reflect social trends
- 1.3.2 Branding and promotion
- 1.3.2a Types of promotion
- 1.3.2b Types of branding
- 1.3.2c The benefits of strong branding
- 1.3.2d Ways to build a brand
- 1.3.2e Changes in branding and promotion to reflect social trends
- 1.3.3 Pricing strategies
- 1.3.3a Types of pricing strategy
- 1.3.3b Factors that determine the most appropriate pricing strategy for a particular situation
- 1.3.3c Changes in pricing to reflect social trends
- 1.3.4 Distribution
- 1.3.4a Distribution channels
- 1.3.4b Changes in distribution to reflect social trends
- 1.3.5 Marketing strategy
- 1.3.5a The product life cycle
- 1.3.5b Extension strategies
- 1.3.5c Boston Matrix and the product portfolio
- 1.3.5d Marketing strategies appropriate for different types of market
- 1.3.5e Consumer behaviour – how businesses develop customer loyalty
- 1.4 Managing people
- 1.4.1 Approaches to staffing
- 1.4.1a Staff as an asset; staff as a cost
- 1.4.1b Flexible workforce
- 1.4.1c Distinction between dismissal and redundancy
- 1.4.1d Employer/employee relationships
- 1.4.2 Recruitment, selection and training
- 1.4.2a Recruitment and selection process
- 1.4.2b Costs of recruitment, selection and training
- 1.4.2c Types of training
- 1.4.3 Organisational design
- 1.4.3a Structure
- 1.4.3b Types of structure
- 1.4.3c Impact of different organisational structures on business efficiency and motivation
- 1.4.4 Motivation in theory and practice
- 1.4.4a The importance of employee motivation to a business
- 1.4.4b Motivation theories
- 1.4.4c Financial incentives to improve employee performance
- 1.4.4d Non-financial techniques to improve employee performance
- 1.4.5 Leadership
- 1.4.5a Leadership
- 1.4.5b Types of leadership style
- 1.5 Entrepreneurs and leaders
- 1.5.1 Role of an entrepreneur
- 1.5.1a Creating and setting up a business
- 1.5.1b Running and expanding/developing a business
- 1.5.1c Innovation within a business (intrapreneurship)
- 1.5.1d Barriers to entrepreneurship
- 1.5.1e Anticipating risk and uncertainty in the business environment
- 1.5.2 Entrepreneurial motives and characteristics
- 1.5.2a Characteristics and skills required
- 1.5.2b Reasons why people set up businesses
- 1.5.3 Business objectives
- 1.5.3a Survival
- 1.5.3b Profit maximisation
- 1.5.3c Other objectives
- 1.5.4 Forms of business
- 1.5.4a Sole trader, partnership and private limited company
- 1.5.4b Franchising, social enterprise, lifestyle businesses, online businesses
- 1.5.4c Growth to PLC and stock market flotation
- 1.5.5 Business choices
- 1.5.5a Opportunity cost
- 1.5.5b Choices and potential trade-offs
- 1.5.6 Moving from entrepreneur to leader
- 1.5.6a The difficulties in developing from an entrepreneur to a leader
2 Managing business activities
- 2.1 Raising finance
- 2.1.1 Internal finance
- 2.1.1a Owner’s capital
- 2.1.1b Retained profit
- 2.1.1c Sale of assets
- 2.1.2 External finance
- 2.1.2a Sources of finance
- 2.1.2b Methods of finance
- 2.1.3 Liability
- 2.1.3a Implications of limited and unlimited liability
- 2.1.3b Finance appropriate for limited and unlimited liability businesses
- 2.1.4 Planning
- 2.1.4a Relevance of a business plan in obtaining finance
- 2.1.4b Interpreting cash-flow forecasts
- 2.1.4c Uses and limitations of cash-flow forecasts
- 2.2 Financial planning
- 2.2.1 Sales forecasting
- 2.2.1a Purpose of sales forecasts
- 2.2.1b Factors affecting sales forecasts
- 2.2.1c Difficulties of sales forecasting
- 2.2.2 Sales, revenue and costs
- 2.2.2a Calculation of sales volume and sales revenue
- 2.2.2b Calculation of fixed and variable costs
- 2.2.3 Break-even
- 2.2.3a Contribution
- 2.2.3b Break-even point
- 2.2.3c Break-even using contribution
- 2.2.3d Margin of safety
- 2.2.3e Interpretation of break-even charts
- 2.2.3f Limitations of break-even analysis
- 2.2.4 Budgets
- 2.2.4a Purpose of budgets
- 2.2.4b Types of budget
- 2.2.4c Variance analysis
- 2.2.4d Difficulties of budgeting
- 2.3 Managing finance
- 2.3.1 Profit
- 2.3.1a Calculating gross, operating and net profit
- 2.3.1b Statement of comprehensive income (profit and loss account)
- 2.3.1c Distinction between profit and cash
- 2.3.2 Liquidity
- 2.3.2a Statement of financial position (balance sheet)
- 2.3.2b Working capital and its management
- 2.3.3 Business failure
- 2.3.3a Internal and external causes of business failure
- 2.4 Resource management
- 2.4.1 Production, productivity and efficiency
- 2.4.1a Methods of production
- 2.4.1b Productivity
- 2.4.1c Efficiency
- 2.4.2 Capacity utilisation
- 2.4.2a Capacity utilisation
- 2.4.2b Implications of under- and over-utilisation of capacity
- 2.4.2c Ways of improving capacity utilisation
- 2.4.3 Stock control
- 2.4.3a Interpretation of stock control diagram
- 2.4.3b Buffer stocks
- 2.4.3c Implications of poor stock control
- 2.4.3d Just in time (JIT) management of stock
- 2.4.3e Waste minimisation
- 2.4.3f Competitive advantage from lean production
- 2.4.4 Quality management
- 2.4.4a Quality
- 2.4.4b Continuous improvement (Kaizen)
- 2.4.4c Competitive advantage from quality management
- 2.5 External influences
- 2.5.1 Economic influences
- 2.5.1a Effects of economic changes on businesses
- 2.5.1b The effect of economic uncertainty on the business environment
- 2.5.2 Legislation
- 2.5.2a Effects of legislation on businesses
- 2.5.3 The competitive environment
- 2.5.3a Competition and market size