Specification points

Cambridge Cambridge O Level Geography 2217

174 points in 10 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.

Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words

Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.

1 Changing river environments

1.1 River and drainage basin processes
1.1.1 Characteristics of rivers and drainage basins
1.1.2 The Bradshaw model
1.1.3 How the drainage basin operates within the water cycle
1.1.4 Drainage basin processes
1.1.5 Processes which operate within a river
1.2 The main landforms associated with these processes
1.2.1 River landforms
1.3 Rivers present opportunities and hazards for people
1.3.1 The opportunities and hazards of living near a river
1.3.2 The human and natural causes of river flooding
1.3.3 The impacts of river flooding
1.3.4 Managing river flooding
1.3.5 The human causes of river pollution
1.3.6 The impacts of river pollution
1.3.7 Managing river pollution
1.3.8 Case study: flooding of a named river
1.3.9 Case study: pollution of a named river

2 Changing coastal environments

2.1 Physical processes that shape the coast
2.1.1 Coastal erosion: hydraulic action, corrosion, corrasion, attrition; transportation; deposition; longshore drift
2.1.2 Types of waves: constructive and destructive and wave refraction
2.2 The main landforms associated with these processes
2.2.1 Coastal landforms
2.2.2 The formation and characteristics of discordant and concordant coastlines
2.3 Coasts present opportunities and hazards for people
2.3.1 The opportunities of living near the coast
2.3.2 The hazards of living near the coast
2.3.3 Managing coastal erosion and flooding
2.3.4 The distribution and impacts of tropical storms: cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons
2.3.5 Managing tropical storm impacts
2.3.6 Coral reefs and mangroves
2.3.7 Case study: coastal erosion in a named area
2.3.8 Case study: a named coral reef

3 Changing ecosystems

3.1 Characteristics of the Antarctic ecosystem
3.1.1 The location of the Antarctic ecosystem
3.1.2 Antarctic climate
3.1.3 The features of the Antarctic ecosystem
3.1.4 Antarctic ecosystem and adaptations
3.2 Threats to the Antarctic ecosystem and how they can be managed
3.2.1 Threats to Antarctica
3.2.2 The impacts of the destruction of the Antarctic ecosystem
3.2.3 Managing the Antarctic ecosystem
3.3 Characteristics of the tropical rainforest ecosystem
3.3.1 The global distribution of tropical rainforests
3.3.2 Equatorial climate
3.3.3 The characteristics and structure of the tropical rainforest ecosystem
3.3.4 Tropical rainforest ecosystem and adaptations
3.4 Threats to tropical rainforest ecosystems and how they can be managed
3.4.1 Threats to tropical rainforests
3.4.2 The impacts of the destruction and deforestation of tropical rainforest ecosystems
3.4.3 Managing tropical rainforests
3.4.4 Case study: a named tropical rainforest

4 Tectonic hazards

4.1 The structure of the Earth and distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
4.1.1 Layers of the Earth
4.1.2 Tectonic plates and their movement
4.1.3 Plate boundaries, earthquakes and volcanoes
4.2 The processes and features associated with earthquakes and volcanoes
4.2.1 Processes at plate boundaries
4.2.2 The main characteristics of earthquakes: focus, epicentre, seismic waves
4.2.3 Types of volcano: strato-volcano (composite cone), shield, cinder cone
4.2.4 The classification of volcanoes as active, dormant, or extinct
4.2.5 The main features of volcanoes: crater, vent, magma, magma chamber, secondary cone
4.2.6 Volcanic hazards
4.3 The impacts of tectonic hazards
4.3.1 Why people live in tectonic risk areas
4.3.2 The impacts of earthquakes
4.3.3 The impacts of volcanic eruptions
4.3.4 Measuring tectonic event magnitude
4.4 Managing the impacts of tectonic hazards
4.4.1 Primary and secondary responses
4.4.2 Managing earthquake and volcano impacts
4.4.3 Case study: an earthquake in a named country or area
4.4.4 Case study: a named volcanic eruption

5 Climate change

5.1 The natural and human causes of climate change
5.1.1 Evidence of climate change
5.1.2 Factors influencing natural climate change: orbital changes (Milankovitch cycles), sunspots, volcanic activity
5.1.3 Human causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect
5.2 The impacts of climate change at a range of geographic scales
5.2.1 Impacts of climate change
5.3 Responses to climate change
5.3.1 Strategies and agreements to manage climate change
5.3.2 Mitigation and adaptation to climate change
5.3.3 Case study: climate change in a named country or region

6 Changing populations

6.1 Populations grow and decline
6.1.1 Patterns and trends in global population growth
6.1.2 Causes of population growth and decline
6.1.3 Pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies
6.1.4 The demographic transition model (DTM) and its strengths and limitations
6.2 Population structures change over time
6.2.1 Factors influencing population structures: natural increase and net migration
6.2.2 Youthful and ageing population structures
6.2.3 Case study: population change in a named country
6.3 The causes and impacts of international migration
6.3.1 Types of migrant: economic migrant, asylum seeker and refugee
6.3.2 Causes of migration, to include push and pull factors
6.3.3 Impacts of migration
6.3.4 An evaluation of the strategies and techniques used to manage international migration
6.3.5 Case study: a named international migration

7 Changing towns and cities

7.1 Where people live
7.1.1 Reasons for variations in global urban growth rates
7.1.2 Causes of rapid urban growth in LICs
7.2 Opportunities and challenges of urbanisation
7.2.1 Opportunities of urban living
7.2.2 Opportunities and challenges of rapid urban growth
7.2.3 The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe/surrounding areas
7.3 The management of urban growth
7.3.1 Managing urban growth
7.3.2 Case study: growth of a named urban area

8 Development

8.1 Measuring development
8.1.1 Indicators of development
8.1.2 Comparing countries using development indicators
8.1.3 Factors affecting quality of life and standard of living
8.2 The world is developing unevenly
8.2.1 Reasons for uneven development
8.2.2 Global pattern of LICs, MICs and HICs
8.3 Achieving sustainable development
8.3.1 Definition(s) of sustainable development
8.3.2 Strategies for sustainable development
8.3.3 Reducing uneven development: trade, aid and debt relief
8.3.4 Case study: development of a named MIC or LIC

9 Changing economies

9.1 Changing employment structures
9.1.1 Classification of different industries: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
9.1.2 Changing employment structure by income level
9.1.3 Factors in industrial location
9.2 The impact of globalisation and the role of transnational corporations
9.2.1 What is meant by globalisation
9.2.2 The key features of globalisation
9.2.3 The impacts of globalisation on trade, transport, culture, communications, and technology
9.2.4 The role and global organisation of transnational corporations (TNCs)
9.2.5 Impacts of TNCs on host countries
9.2.6 Case study: globalisation and a named TNC
9.3 Tourism is a growing industry
9.3.1 Growth of tourism
9.3.2 The Butler model and its strengths and limitations
9.3.3 The benefits and problems caused by tourism, at a range of scales
9.3.4 Managing tourism sustainably
9.3.5 Case study: tourism in a named country or area

10 Resource provision

10.1 How food is produced
10.1.1 Farming types: subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed, aeroponics, aquaponics, hydroponics
10.1.2 Farming systems: inputs, processes, outputs
10.2 The global patterns of food supply and demand
10.2.1 Global patterns of calorie intake and reasons for variations
10.2.2 The reasons for the changing global production and consumption of food
10.2.3 The strategies used to increase food supply
10.2.4 The reasons for the globalisation of food supplies
10.2.5 The impacts of the globalisation of food supplies
10.3 The challenges of food supply
10.3.1 The human and natural factors negatively affecting food supply
10.3.2 Problems of food insecurity
10.3.3 The strategies and techniques used to increase food supply
10.3.4 An evaluation of the role of food aid in improving food security
10.3.5 Managing desertification and soil erosion
10.3.6 Case study: food supply in a named country or area
10.4 How our energy is produced
10.4.1 Types of energy
10.5 The global patterns of energy supply and demand
10.5.1 Reasons for the increasing global production and consumption of energy
10.5.2 Energy surplus, deficit and security
10.5.3 Variations in energy use
10.6 The impacts of energy production
10.6.1 The advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable
10.6.2 The strategies and techniques used to increase energy supplies
10.6.3 Managing energy supplies
10.6.4 Case study: energy supply in a named country