Specification points

Cambridge Cambridge IGCSE Marine Science 0697

262 points in 6 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.

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Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.

2 Sea water

2.1 The water cycle
2.1.1 Properties of solids, liquids and gases
2.1.2 Temperature and kinetic energy
2.1.3 Diffusion
2.1.4 Changes of state
2.1.5 Energy changes in changes of state
2.1.6 Melting floating and land-based ice
2.1.7 The water cycle
2.1.8 Factors affecting ocean evaporation
2.2 pH and salinity
2.2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
2.2.2 Neutrality, acidity and alkalinity
2.2.3 pH of sea, fresh and rain water
2.2.4 Carbon dioxide and sea water pH
2.2.5 Composition of sea water
2.2.6 Temperature and solubility
2.2.7 Salinity
2.2.8 Salinities of oceans and seas
2.2.9 Environmental factors affecting salinity
2.2.10 Estuaries
2.2.11 Salinity changes in estuaries
2.3 Dissolved gases
2.3.1 Dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide
2.3.2 Gas concentrations in air and sea water
2.3.3 Temperature and gas solubility
2.3.4 Investigating gas solubility
2.4 Density
2.4.1 Density
2.4.2 Temperature and water density
2.4.3 Salinity and water density
2.4.4 Density and convection currents
2.4.5 Temperature, density and particle theory
2.4.6 Why cold water lies beneath warm water
2.5 Effects of increasing depth
2.5.1 Conditions that change with depth
2.5.2 Light penetration and depth
2.5.3 Secchi disc
2.5.4 Pressure and depth
2.5.5 Temperature and depth
2.5.6 Dissolved oxygen and depth
2.6 Upwelling
2.6.1 Upwelling
2.6.2 Formation of El Niño
2.6.3 Local effects of El Niño

3 Marine organisms

3.1 Cell structure and function
3.1.1 Plant and animal cell structure
3.1.2 Bacterial cell structure
3.1.3 Identifying cell structures
3.1.4 Functions of cell structures
3.2 Reproduction
3.2.1 Asexual reproduction
3.2.2 Sexual reproduction
3.3 Classification
3.3.1 Classifying marine organisms
3.3.2 Binomial naming system
3.3.3 The three domains
3.3.4 Kingdoms of Eukarya in marine habitats
3.4 The animal kingdom
3.4.1 Features of marine vertebrate groups
3.4.2 Examples of marine vertebrates
3.4.3 External features of fish
3.4.4 Features of marine invertebrate groups
3.4.5 Comparing biological specimens
3.4.6 Drawing specimens
3.4.7 Magnification formula
3.4.8 Dichotomous keys
3.5 Plant and protoctist kingdoms
3.5.1 Seagrasses
3.5.2 Kelp
3.5.3 Dinoflagellates
3.5.4 Diatoms
3.6 Animal life cycles
3.6.1 Life cycle of the leatherback turtle
3.6.2 Life cycle of a coral polyp
3.7 Migration
3.7.1 Migration and its reasons
3.7.2 Horizontal and vertical migration
3.7.3 Daily vertical migration
3.7.4 Long horizontal migration
3.7.5 Navigation during migration

4 Nutrients and energy

4.1 Nutrients
4.1.1 Nutrients
4.1.2 Food tests
4.1.3 Functions of nutrient groups
4.1.4 Nutrients as sources of essential elements
4.1.5 Nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems
4.1.6 Bacteria as decomposers
4.2 Respiration
4.2.1 Respiration
4.2.2 All cells respire
4.2.3 Word equation for aerobic respiration
4.2.4 Respiration versus gas exchange
4.2.5 Energy released by burning food
4.3 Photosynthesis
4.3.1 Photosynthesis
4.3.2 Chlorophyll
4.3.3 Producers
4.3.4 Marine photosynthetic organisms
4.3.5 Word equation for photosynthesis
4.3.6 Light intensity and photosynthesis
4.3.7 Productivity
4.3.8 Upwelling and coastal productivity
4.4 Feeding relationships
4.4.1 The Sun as energy source
4.4.2 Food chains
4.4.3 Food webs
4.4.4 Marine food chains and webs
4.4.5 Trophic levels
4.4.6 Consumers
4.4.7 Levels of consumers
4.4.8 Types of consumer
4.4.9 Decomposers
4.4.10 Predators and prey
4.4.11 Biomass
4.4.12 Energy loss from food chains
4.4.13 Pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy

5 Marine ecology

5.1 Components of ecosystems
5.1.1 Ecological terms
5.1.2 Factors affecting population growth
5.1.3 Types of marine ecosystem
5.1.4 Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems
5.1.5 Productivity of coastal ecosystems
5.2 Investigating ecosystems
5.2.1 Random sampling with quadrats
5.2.2 Systematic sampling with transects
5.2.3 Measuring shore profiles
5.2.4 Measuring sediment particle profiles
5.2.5 Measuring sediment moisture
5.3 Open-ocean ecosystem
5.3.1 Pelagic zone
5.3.2 Benthic zone
5.3.3 Three zones of the open ocean
5.3.4 Conditions in the sunlight zone
5.3.5 Plankton
5.3.6 Phytoplankton
5.3.7 Zooplankton
5.3.8 High biomass in the sunlight zone
5.3.9 Conditions in the twilight zone
5.3.10 Adaptations in sunlight and twilight zones
5.3.11 Conditions in the midnight zone
5.3.12 Adaptations of deep-sea species
5.3.13 Adaptations of benthic species
5.4 Rocky shores
5.4.1 Zones of a rocky shore
5.4.2 Factors affecting rocky shore distribution
5.4.3 Distribution of rocky shore organisms
5.4.4 Adaptations to rocky shores
5.5 Sedimentary shores
5.5.1 Zones of sandy and muddy shores
5.5.2 Sandy versus muddy shores
5.5.3 Factors affecting sandy shore distribution
5.5.4 Adaptations to sandy shores
5.6 Mangrove forest
5.6.1 Structure of a mangrove forest
5.6.2 Abiotic changes in an estuary
5.6.3 Adaptations of mangrove trees
5.6.4 Adaptations of mangrove organisms
5.7 Tropical coral reefs
5.7.1 Corals
5.7.2 Structure of a coral polyp
5.7.3 Functions of coral polyp structures
5.7.4 Corals and zooxanthellae
5.7.5 Factors affecting coral distribution
5.7.6 Clear water around coral reefs
5.7.7 Species richness of coral reefs
5.7.8 Adaptations of coral reef organisms
5.7.9 Atoll formation theory

6 Human influences on the marine environment

6.1 Overview of human interactions with marine ecosystems
6.1.1 Importance of marine ecosystems to humans
6.1.2 Human impacts on marine ecosystems
6.1.3 Endangered marine species
6.1.4 Sustainable resources and activities
6.2 Tourism
6.2.1 Socio-economic importance of tourism
6.2.2 Ecotourism
6.2.3 Impacts of tourism on marine areas
6.2.4 Tourist impacts on a named marine ecosystem
6.2.5 Reducing negative impacts of tourism
6.2.6 Strategies for limiting tourist impacts
6.3 Fisheries
6.3.1 Marine organisms as food and income
6.3.2 Fishing methods and their impacts
6.3.3 Navigational aids
6.3.4 Population growth and overfishing
6.3.5 Sustainable harvesting strategies
6.3.6 Benefits of sustainable harvesting
6.3.7 Fish aggregating devices
6.4 Aquaculture
6.4.1 Importance of aquaculture
6.4.2 Aquaculture and pressure on fisheries
6.4.3 Species produced by aquaculture
6.4.4 Open and closed aquaculture systems
6.4.5 Methods of fish aquaculture
6.4.6 Aquaculture for restocking
6.5 Energy from the oceans
6.5.1 Oil under the seabed
6.5.2 Oil as a fossil fuel
6.5.3 Risk of oil spillage
6.5.4 MARPOL and tanker design
6.5.5 Impacts of oil spills
6.5.6 Minimising oil spill impacts
6.5.7 Pros and cons of fossil fuels
6.5.8 Pros and cons of ocean renewables
6.6 Plastic pollution
6.6.1 Plastic breakdown and microplastics
6.6.2 Impacts of plastics on marine ecosystems
6.6.3 Gyres and garbage patches
6.6.4 Reducing garbage patches
6.6.5 Limiting impacts of plastics
6.7 Eutrophication
6.7.1 Fertilisers in land farming
6.7.2 Fertiliser run-off
6.7.3 Effects of fertilisers on marine environments
6.7.4 Sewage and eutrophication
6.7.5 Eutrophication
6.8 Understanding climate change
6.8.1 Past climate change
6.8.2 Effects of greenhouse gas pollution
6.8.3 Carbon dioxide and sea water
6.8.4 Ocean heat absorption
6.8.5 Causes of sea level rise
6.8.6 Greenhouse gas impacts on marine ecosystems
6.9 Conservation strategies
6.9.1 Species richness
6.9.2 Conserving species richness
6.9.3 Marine conservation projects