Specification points
OCR GCSE Twenty First Century Science Suite - Combined Science B J260
684 points in 21 topics, with OCR's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·OCR command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from OCR's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: OCR’s specification.
B1 You and your genes
- B1.1 What is the genome and what does it do?
- B1.1.1 Nucleus, genetic material and light microscopy
- B1.1.1a Nucleus and genetic material in cells
- B1.1.1b Observing cells with a light microscope
- B1.1.2 The genome
- B1.1.3 DNA as a double helix of nucleotides
- B1.1.4 Genome, environment and phenotype
- B1.1.5 Chromosome, gene, allele, genotype and phenotype
- B1.1.6 Amino acids and protein synthesis
- B1.2 How is genetic information inherited?
- B1.2.1 Gamete, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive
- B1.2.2 Single gene inheritance and genetic diagrams
- B1.2.3 Predicting single gene crosses
- B1.2.4 Ratios in genetic crosses
- B1.2.5 Probability in genetic crosses
- B1.2.6 Features controlled by multiple genes
- B1.2.7 Sex determination in humans
- B1.3 How can and should gene technology be used?
- B1.3.1 The human genome and medicine
- B1.3.2 Genetic engineering
- B1.3.3 Steps in genetic engineering
- B1.3.4 Gene technology: benefits and risks
B2 Keeping healthy
- B2.1 What are the causes of disease?
- B2.1.1 Health and disease
- B2.1.2 Types of disease
- B2.1.3 Spread of communicable diseases
- B2.1.4 Common human infections
- B2.1.5 Plant diseases
- B2.2 How do organisms protect themselves against pathogens?
- B2.2.1 Non-specific human defences
- B2.2.2 Platelets
- B2.2.3 The immune system
- B2.2.4 White blood cells
- B2.3 How can we prevent the spread of infection?
- B2.3.1 Reducing the spread of communicable diseases
- B2.3.2 Vaccination
- B2.4 How can lifestyle, genes and the environment affect health?
- B2.4.1 Risk factors for non-communicable diseases, with practical
- B2.4.1a Genetic and lifestyle risk factors
- B2.4.1b Practical: exercise and pulse rate
- B2.4.2 Lifestyle factors and incidence of disease
- B2.4.3 Data skills in the context of disease
- B2.4.3a Graphical and numerical forms
- B2.4.3b Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms
- B2.4.3c Sampling principles
- B2.4.3d Scatter diagrams and correlation
- B2.4.4 Interactions between diseases
- B2.5 How can we treat disease?
- B2.5.1 Medicines in treating disease
- B2.5.2 Areas of bacterial cultures and clear zones
- B2.5.3 Lowering risk and treating cardiovascular disease
- B2.5.4 Discovering and testing new medicines
B3 Living together – food and ecosystems
- B3.1 What happens during photosynthesis?
- B3.1.1 Photosynthesis, with practical investigations
- B3.1.1a The two stages of photosynthesis
- B3.1.1b Practical: requirements and products of photosynthesis
- B3.1.2 Chloroplasts and photosynthesis
- B3.1.3 Enzyme action, with practical investigations
- B3.1.3a Enzyme mechanism, specificity and rate factors
- B3.1.3b Practical: substrate, temperature and pH on enzymes
- B3.1.4 Factors affecting photosynthesis, with practical work
- B3.1.4a Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis
- B3.1.4b Practical: environmental factors and photosynthesis
- B3.1.5 Inverse square law and rate of photosynthesis
- B3.1.6 Limiting factors in photosynthesis
- B3.1.7 Data skills in the context of photosynthesis
- B3.1.7a Compound measures such as rate
- B3.1.7b Graphical and numerical forms
- B3.1.7c Plotting graphs with suitable scales
- B3.1.7d Information from graphs, charts and tables
- B3.2 How do producers get the substances they need?
- B3.2.1 Substances moving in and out of photosynthetic organisms
- B3.2.2 Diffusion, osmosis and active transport, with practical
- B3.2.2a Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
- B3.2.2b Practical: diffusion and osmosis
- B3.2.3 Membranes of plant and prokaryotic cells
- B3.2.4 Water and mineral uptake by root hair cells
- B3.2.5 Xylem and phloem, with microscopy
- B3.2.5a Xylem and phloem adapted to function
- B3.2.5b Observing xylem and phloem
- B3.2.6 Transpiration, translocation and stomata, with practical work
- B3.2.6a Transpiration, translocation and stomata
- B3.2.6b Observing stomata
- B3.2.6c Using a simple potometer
- B3.2.7 Water uptake by plants, with practical work
- B3.2.7a Environmental factors and water uptake
- B3.2.7b Practical: environmental factors and water uptake
- B3.2.8 Data skills in the context of water uptake
- B3.2.8a Compound measures such as rate
- B3.2.8b Rate calculations
- B3.2.8c Plotting and interpreting graphs
- B3.2.8d Percentage gain and loss of mass
- B3.3 How are organisms in an ecosystem interdependent?
- B3.3.1 Synthesis and breakdown of biological molecules, with tests
- B3.3.1a Sugars, fatty acids and amino acids in metabolism
- B3.3.1b Tests for biological molecules
- B3.3.2 Photosynthetic organisms as producers
- B3.3.3 Dissolved food molecules transported into organisms
- B3.3.4 Levels of organisation in an ecosystem
- B3.3.5 Interdependence and competition
- B3.3.6 Cycling of substances in ecosystems
- B3.3.7 Carbon and water cycles
- B3.3.8 Microorganisms in nutrient cycling
- B3.3.9 Percentage of mass in cycling
- B3.4 How are populations affected by the conditions in an ecosystem?
- B3.4.1 Factors affecting communities
- B3.4.2 Field investigations of distribution and abundance
- B3.4.3 Data skills in the context of populations
- B3.4.3a Arithmetic means
- B3.4.3b Percentiles
- B3.4.3c Plotting graphs with suitable scales
- B3.4.3d Information from charts, graphs and tables
B4 Using food and controlling growth
- B4.1 What happens during cellular respiration?
- B4.1.1 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared
- B4.1.2 Why respiration is continuous
- B4.1.3 Mitochondria and respiration
- B4.1.4 Respiration as exothermic
- B4.1.5 Respiration in yeast, with rate calculations
- B4.1.5a Practical: substrates and yeast respiration
- B4.1.5b Rate calculations for respiration
- B4.2 How do we know about mitochondria and other cell structures?
- B4.2.1 Electron microscopy and cell structure
- B4.2.2 Data skills in the context of cells
- B4.2.2a Number, size, scale and units
- B4.2.2b Estimation
- B4.2.2c Standard form
- B4.3 How do organisms grow and develop?
- B4.3.1 The cell cycle and mitosis, with microscopy
- B4.3.1a The cell cycle in growth
- B4.3.1b Observing stages of mitosis
- B4.3.2 Cancer as uncontrolled cell division
- B4.3.3 Meiosis and gamete formation
- B4.3.4 Stem cells and meristems
- B4.3.5 Cell differentiation and gene switching
- B4.4 Should we use stem cells to treat damage and disease?
- B4.4.1 Stem cells in medicine: benefits, risks and ethics
B5 The human body – staying alive
- B5.1 How do substances get into, out of and around our bodies?
- B5.1.1 Substances transported into and out of the body
- B5.1.2 Membranes of animal cells
- B5.1.3 The circulatory system and linked systems
- B5.1.4 Structure of the heart
- B5.1.5 Arteries, veins and capillaries
- B5.1.6 Red blood cells and plasma
- B5.1.7 Exchange surfaces and transport systems
- B5.1.8 Surface area to volume ratios
- B5.2 How does the nervous system help us respond to changes?
- B5.2.1 How the nervous system works
- B5.2.2 Nerve cells and synapses
- B5.2.3 Reflex arcs, with practical work
- B5.2.3a Reflex arc structure and function
- B5.2.3b Practical: reflex actions
- B5.3 How do hormones control responses in the human body?
- B5.3.1 Hormonal coordination and the endocrine system
- B5.3.2 Thyroxine, adrenaline and negative feedback
- B5.4 Why do we need to maintain a constant internal environment?
- B5.4.1 Maintaining a constant internal environment
- B5.4.2 Data skills in the context of homeostasis
- B5.4.2a Data from graphs, charts and tables
- B5.4.2b Numerical and graphical forms
- B5.5 What role do hormones play in human reproduction?
- B5.5.1 Hormones in reproduction and the menstrual cycle
- B5.5.2 FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone interactions
- B5.5.3 Hormonal and non-hormonal contraception
- B5.5.4 Hormones in infertility treatment
- B5.6 What can happen when organs and control systems stop working?
- B5.6.1 Insulin and blood sugar
- B5.6.2 Glucagon and insulin together
- B5.6.3 Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
B6 Life on Earth – past, present and future
- B6.1 How was the theory of evolution developed?
- B6.1.1 Genetic variation within populations
- B6.1.2 Mutations and variants' effects on phenotype
- B6.1.3 Natural selection of variants
- B6.1.4 Competition and natural selection
- B6.1.5 Evolution over generations
- B6.1.6 Selective breeding
- B6.1.7 Fossil evidence for evolution
- B6.1.8 Modern evidence for evolution
- B6.2 Classifying the diversity of life
- B6.2.1 Developments in biology and classification
- B6.3 Why is biodiversity threatened and how can we protect it?
- B6.3.1 Human impacts on biodiversity
- B6.3.2 Maintaining local and global biodiversity
- B6.3.3 Biodiversity data from charts and tables
C1 Air and water
- C1.1 How has the Earth’s atmosphere changed over time, and why?
- C1.1.1 The particle model and changes of state
- C1.1.2 Limitations of the particle model
- C1.1.3 Forces between particles and changes of state
- C1.1.4 Predicting states from data
- C1.1.5 Formation of the early atmosphere
- C1.1.6 Development of an oxygen-rich atmosphere
- C1.1.7 Sources of atmospheric pollutants
- C1.1.8 Problems of pollutants and reducing emissions
- C1.1.9 Formulae of elements and covalent compounds
- C1.1.10 Formulae and balanced equations
- C1.1.11 Arithmetic and ratio in balancing equations
- C1.1.12 Tests for oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
- C1.1.13 Oxidation as gain of oxygen
- C1.2 Why are there temperature changes in chemical reactions?
- C1.2.1 Endothermic and exothermic reactions
- C1.2.2 Reaction profiles and activation energy
- C1.2.3 Activation energy
- C1.2.4 Interpreting reaction profile charts
- C1.2.5 Energy changes from bond energies
- C1.2.6 Arithmetic in energy change calculations
- C1.3 What is the evidence for climate change, why is it occurring?
- C1.3.1 The greenhouse effect
- C1.3.2 Evidence for human causes of climate change
- C1.3.3 Effects of rising carbon dioxide and methane
- C1.3.4 Mitigating effects of greenhouse gases
- C1.3.5 Information from charts, graphs and tables
- C1.3.6 Orders of magnitude in evaluating data
- C1.4 How can scientists help improve the supply of potable water?
- C1.4.1 Increasing potable water supply
- C1.4.2 Test for chlorine
C2 Chemical patterns
- C2.1 How have our ideas about atoms developed over time?
- C2.1.1 Development of the atomic model
- C2.1.2 Nucleus and electrons in the atom
- C2.1.3 Charges and masses of subatomic particles
- C2.1.4 Size of atoms relative to other particles
- C2.1.5 Typical sizes of atoms and molecules
- C2.1.6 Size of atoms compared with everyday objects
- C2.1.7 Protons, neutrons and electrons from atomic data
- C2.2 What does the Periodic Table tell us about elements?
- C2.2.1 Electron arrangement and Periodic Table position
- C2.2.2 How Mendeleev organised the elements
- C2.2.3 Evidence supporting Mendeleev's gaps and ordering
- C2.2.4 Metals and non-metals compared
- C2.2.5 Properties of Group 1 elements
- C2.2.6 Properties of Group 7 elements
- C2.2.7 Predicting reactivity from the Periodic Table
- C2.2.8 Experiments on Group 7 reactivity
- C2.2.9 Experiments on Group 1 reactivity
- C2.3 How do metals and non-metals combine to form compounds?
- C2.3.1 Properties of Group 0 elements
- C2.3.2 Group trends and outer electrons
- C2.3.3 Reactions and electron arrangement
- C2.3.4 Atomic structure and position in the Periodic Table
- C2.3.5 Bonding in ionic compounds
- C2.3.6 Ionic bonding and electron transfer
- C2.3.7 Subatomic particles in atoms and ions
- C2.3.8 Dot and cross diagrams for ionic substances
- C2.3.9 Bulk properties of ionic materials
- C2.3.10 Melting points of ionic compounds
- C2.3.11 Limitations of models of ionic compounds
- C2.3.12 Diagrams, numbers and 3-D shapes of ionic structures
- C2.4 How are equations used to represent chemical reactions?
- C2.4.1 Formulae of elements and compounds
- C2.4.2 Formulae of Group 1 and Group 7 compounds
- C2.4.3 Writing formulae from the Periodic Table
- C2.4.4 State symbols
C3 Chemicals of the natural environment
- C3.1 How are the atoms held together in a metal?
- C3.1.1 Bonding in metals
- C3.1.2 Bulk properties of metals
- C3.2 How are metals with different reactivities extracted?
- C3.2.1 Order of reactivity of metals from experiments
- C3.2.2 Metal reactivity and forming positive ions
- C3.2.3 Formulae and balanced equations for metal reactions
- C3.2.4 Extracting metals using carbon
- C3.2.5 Why electrolysis extracts some metals
- C3.2.6 Biological metal extraction
- C3.3 What are electrolytes and what happens during electrolysis?
- C3.3.1 Ions and electrode reactions in electrolysis
- C3.3.2 Electrolysis of molten binary compounds
- C3.3.3 Products at electrodes with inert electrodes
- C3.3.4 Half equations
- C3.3.5 Oxidation and reduction by electrons
- C3.3.6 Extracting aluminium by electrolysis
- C3.3.7 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
- C3.3.8 Electrolysis of a salt solution
- C3.4 Why is crude oil important as a source of new materials?
- C3.4.1 Crude oil as a petrochemical feedstock
- C3.4.2 Dependence on hydrocarbons as a finite resource
- C3.4.3 Fractional distillation of crude oil
- C3.4.4 Crude oil fractions as alkanes
- C3.4.5 Bonds, forces and changes of state
- C3.4.6 Empirical formulae
- C3.4.7 Ratio in empirical formulae
- C3.4.8 Bonding in simple molecules
- C3.4.9 Covalent bonding and shared electrons
- C3.4.10 Dot and cross diagrams for covalent substances
- C3.4.11 Representing 3-D molecules in 2-D
- C3.4.12 Limitations of models of covalent molecules
- C3.4.13 Diagrammatic and numerical forms
- C3.4.14 Bulk properties of simple molecules
- C3.4.15 Cracking
C4 Material choices
- C4.1 How is data used to choose a material for a particular use?
- C4.1.1 Properties of ceramics, polymers, composites and metals
- C4.1.2 Choosing materials for their uses
- C4.2 How do bonding and structure affect properties of materials?
- C4.2.1 Bulk properties and bonding of materials
- C4.2.2 Carbon's four covalent bonds
- C4.2.3 Carbon compounds: chains, rings and families
- C4.2.4 Bonding in polymers and their properties
- C4.2.5 Bonding in giant covalent structures
- C4.2.6 Diamond and graphite
- C4.2.7 Representing allotropes of carbon
- C4.2.8 Comparing bonding in different structures
- C4.3 Why are nanoparticles so useful?
- C4.3.1 Nano dimensions compared with atoms
- C4.3.2 Surface area to volume ratio of particles
- C4.3.3 Uses of nanoparticulate materials
- C4.3.4 Fullerenes and graphene
- C4.3.5 Risks of nanoparticles
- C4.3.5a Health effects of nanoparticle size and surface area
- C4.3.5b Limited data on nanoparticle health effects
- C4.3.5c Risks and benefits of nanoparticle uses
- C4.3.6 Sizes of atoms and nanoparticles
- C4.3.6a Nanotechnology and the nanometre scale
- C4.3.6b Comparing sizes in nanometres
- C4.3.7 Standard form for nanoparticles
- C4.3.8 Ratios in size and surface area comparisons
- C4.3.9 Surface areas and volumes of cubes
- C4.4 What happens to products at the end of their useful life?
- C4.4.1 Oxidation and reduction by oxygen
- C4.4.2 Oxidation and reduction by electrons
- C4.4.3 Life-cycle assessment
- C4.4.3a Resources and impact at each life-cycle stage
- C4.4.3b Waste disposal: incineration, landfill, energy schemes
- C4.4.3c Biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials
- C4.4.4 Interpreting life-cycle assessments
- C4.4.5 Reusing and recycling PET bottles
- C4.4.6 Decisions on recycling
C5 Chemical analysis
- C5.1 How are chemicals separated and tested for purity?
- C5.1.1 Formulations
- C5.1.2 Purity in science and everyday use
- C5.1.3 Melting points and purity
- C5.1.4 Stationary and mobile phases
- C5.1.5 Chromatograms and Rf values
- C5.1.6 Chromatography to test purity
- C5.1.6a Paper chromatography
- C5.1.6b Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents
- C5.1.6c Locating agents
- C5.1.7 Filtration, crystallisation and distillation
- C5.1.8 Choosing purification techniques
- C5.2 How are the amounts of substances in reactions calculated?
- C5.2.1 Conservation of mass
- C5.2.2 Mass changes in open systems
- C5.2.3 Relative formula mass
- C5.2.4 The Avogadro constant and the mole
- C5.2.5 Mass and moles
- C5.2.6 Stoichiometry and limiting reactants
- C5.2.7 Reacting mass calculations
- C5.2.8 Arithmetic in quantitative chemistry
- C5.2.9 Standard form with the Avogadro constant
- C5.2.10 Changing the subject of an equation
- C5.3 How are the amounts of chemicals in solution measured?
- C5.3.1 Mass, volume and concentration
- C5.3.2 Concentration in mol/dm³
- C5.3.3 Neutralisation and common acids
- C5.3.4 Hydrogen and hydroxide ions in acids and alkalis
- C5.3.5 Neutralisation as H⁺ and OH⁻ reacting
- C5.3.6 Titration procedure
- C5.3.7 Quality of titration data
C6 Making useful chemicals
- C6.1 What useful products can be made from acids?
- C6.1.1 Acids with metals and carbonates
- C6.1.2 Making salts
- C6.1.3 Formulae from common ions
- C6.1.4 Measuring pH with indicators and meters
- C6.1.5 Dilute, concentrated, weak and strong acids
- C6.1.6 Tenfold change in hydrogen ions and pH
- C6.1.7 Hydrogen ion concentration and pH
- C6.2 How do chemists control the rate of reactions?
- C6.2.1 Factors affecting rate of reaction
- C6.2.2 Collision theory and rate
- C6.2.3 Surface area to volume ratio and rate
- C6.2.4 Catalysts and rate
- C6.2.5 Identifying catalysts
- C6.2.6 Catalysts and activation energy
- C6.2.7 Methods for measuring rates
- C6.2.8 Interpreting rate graphs
- C6.2.9 Arithmetic and ratio in rates
- C6.2.10 Graphs of reaction rate
- C6.2.11 Gradients as rates
- C6.2.12 Proportionality in rate factors
- C6.2.13 Enzymes as catalysts
- C6.3 What factors affect the yield of chemical reactions?
- C6.3.1 Reversible reactions
- C6.3.1a The reversible reaction symbol
- C6.3.1b Yields of reversible reactions
- C6.3.2 Dynamic equilibrium
- C6.3.3 Changing conditions and equilibrium position
- C6.3.3a Catalysts and yield
- C6.3.3b Drawbacks of very high temperature or pressure
P1 Radiation and waves
- P1.1 What are the risks and benefits of using radiations?
- P1.1.1 Groupings of the electromagnetic spectrum
- P1.1.2 The visible range
- P1.1.3 Speed of electromagnetic radiation
- P1.1.4 Radiation transfers energy
- P1.1.5 Absorption, transmission and reflection by substances
- P1.1.6 Electron energy levels and radiation
- P1.1.7 Sources of radiation in molecules, atoms and nuclei
- P1.1.7a Gamma rays from nuclei
- P1.1.7b X-rays, UV and light from electrons losing energy
- P1.1.7c Ionising radiation
- P1.1.7d Ultraviolet and the ozone layer
- P1.1.7e Infrared and molecules
- P1.1.8 Hazards of UV, X-rays and gamma rays
- P1.1.9 Uses of electromagnetic radiation
- P1.1.10 Radio waves and electrical oscillations
- P1.2 What is climate change and what is the evidence for it?
- P1.2.1 Radiation emitted by all bodies
- P1.2.2 Temperature and radiation balance
- P1.3 How do waves behave?
- P1.3.1 Amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period
- P1.3.2 Evidence that waves, not the medium, travel
- P1.3.3 Transverse and longitudinal waves
- P1.3.4 Waves on a rope and sound waves
- P1.3.5 Wavelength and frequency
- P1.3.6 Wave speed, frequency and wavelength
- P1.3.7 Measuring wave speed, with ripple tank practical
- P1.3.7a Measuring speeds of ripples and sound
- P1.3.7b Using a ripple tank
- P1.3.8 Reflection and refraction, with light practicals
- P1.3.8a Reflection and refraction at interfaces
- P1.3.8b Measuring refraction through a prism
- P1.3.8c Reflection off a plane mirror
- P1.3.9 Wave speed in different substances
- P1.3.10 Refraction and wave speed
- P1.3.11 Light as an electromagnetic wave
- P1.3.12 Electromagnetic waves as transverse waves
P2 Sustainable energy
- P2.1 How much energy do we use?
- P2.1.1 Energy transfer by electric current
- P2.1.2 Power ratings of appliances
- P2.1.3 Energy, power and time equation
- P2.1.4 Conservation of energy in closed systems
- P2.1.5 Energy dissipation
- P2.1.6 Reducing unwanted energy transfer
- P2.1.7 Building walls and rate of cooling
- P2.1.8 Efficiency equation
- P2.1.9 Sankey diagrams
- P2.2 How can electricity be generated?
- P2.2.1 Energy resources
- P2.2.2 Renewable and non-renewable resources
- P2.2.3 Generating electricity from different resources
- P2.2.4 UK mains supply and a.c
- P2.2.5 Transformers in the National Grid
- P2.2.6 Live, neutral and earth wires
- P2.2.7 Trends in energy resource use
P3 Electric circuits
- P3.1 What determines the current in an electric circuit?
- P3.1.1 Current as flow of charge
- P3.1.2 Charge, current and time
- P3.1.3 Current, resistance and potential difference
- P3.1.4 Ohm's law, with resistance of a wire practical
- P3.1.4a Applying Ohm's law in series and parallel circuits
- P3.1.4b Practical: resistance of a wire
- P3.1.5 Fixed and changing resistance
- P3.1.6 I–V characteristics, with practical work
- P3.1.6a Linear and non-linear components
- P3.1.6b Practical: I–V characteristics of components
- P3.1.7 Circuit symbols and conventions
- P3.2 How do series and parallel circuits work?
- P3.2.1 Potential difference and work done on charge
- P3.2.2 Series and parallel circuits, with practical work
- P3.2.2a Current and p.d. in series and parallel circuits
- P3.2.2b Practical: bulbs in series and parallel
- P3.2.3 Resistors in series and parallel
- P3.2.4 Equivalent resistance in series
- P3.2.5 D.C. series circuits for testing
- P3.2.5a Current in lamps, diodes, thermistors and LDRs
- P3.2.5b Light intensity and LDRs
- P3.2.5c Temperature and thermistors
- P3.3 What determines the rate of energy transfer in a circuit?
- P3.3.1 Energy transfer by current in a component
- P3.3.2 Power transfer in circuit devices
- P3.3.3 Energy, charge and potential difference
- P3.3.4 Power, current, p.d. and resistance
- P3.3.4a Power equals p.d. times current
- P3.3.4b Power from current and resistance
- P3.3.5 Transformers and conservation of energy
- P3.3.6 High-voltage transmission efficiency
- P3.4 What are magnetic fields?
- P3.4.1 Magnetic poles
- P3.4.2 Magnetic field of a magnet
- P3.4.3 Compasses and Earth's magnetic core
- P3.4.4 Permanent and induced magnets
- P3.4.5 Showing the magnetic effect of a current
- P3.4.6 Magnetic field around a wire
- P3.4.7 Field strength, current and distance
- P3.4.8 Strengthening a solenoid
- P3.5 How do electric motors work?
- P3.5.1 Force between a magnet and a current
- P3.5.2 Fleming's left-hand rule
- P3.5.3 Force on a conductor equation
- P3.5.4 The simple electric motor
P4 Explaining motion
- P4.1 What are forces?
- P4.1.1 Newton's third law
- P4.1.2 Ways objects interact
- P4.1.3 Interaction pairs and forces
- P4.1.4 Forces as vectors
- P4.1.5 Weight
- P4.1.6 Measuring weight
- P4.1.7 Weight, mass and gravitational field strength
- P4.2 How can we describe motion?
- P4.2.1 Average speed equation
- P4.2.2 Typical everyday speeds
- P4.2.3 Measuring speed, with trolley practical
- P4.2.3a Measuring distances and times to find speed
- P4.2.3b Practical: speed of a trolley down a ramp
- P4.2.4 Converting units such as m/s and km/h
- P4.2.5 Vectors and scalars in motion
- P4.2.6 Acceleration, with practical work
- P4.2.6a Acceleration equation
- P4.2.6b Practical: investigating acceleration
- P4.2.7 Equation linking speed, acceleration and distance
- P4.2.8 Graphs of distance and speed against time
- P4.2.9 Interpreting distance–time and velocity–time graphs
- P4.2.10 Area under velocity–time graphs
- P4.2.11 Free fall and everyday accelerations
- P4.3 What is the connection between forces and motion?
- P4.3.1 Forces on an isolated object
- P4.3.2 Free body diagrams and resultant forces
- P4.3.3 Scale vector diagrams of forces
- P4.3.4 Momentum and its conservation
- P4.3.5 Force and rate of change of momentum
- P4.3.6 Newton's first law
- P4.3.7 Circular orbits: constant speed, changing velocity
- P4.3.8 Inertial mass
- P4.3.9 Newton's second law
- P4.3.10 Force, mass, velocity, acceleration and momentum relationships
- P4.3.11 Measuring reaction times
- P4.3.12 Stopping distances and safety
- P4.3.13 Dangers of large decelerations
- P4.4 How can we describe motion in terms of energy transfers?
- P4.4.1 Energy transfers by work done by forces
- P4.4.1a Raising an object
- P4.4.1b Moving an object along a force
- P4.4.2 Work done equation
- P4.4.3 Kinetic energy equation
- P4.4.4 Gravitational potential energy equation
- P4.4.5 Energy transfer calculations
- P4.4.6 Stored energy and energy transfers
- P4.4.7 Changes in energy stores
- P4.4.8 Power as rate of energy transfer
- P4.4.9 Power equation
P5 Radioactive materials
- P5.1 What is radioactivity?
- P5.1.1 Nucleus and electrons in the atom
- P5.1.2 Development of the atomic model
- P5.1.3 Typical sizes of atoms and molecules
- P5.1.4 Protons, neutrons and nuclear charge
- P5.1.5 Isotopes
- P5.1.6 Nuclear notation for isotopes
- P5.1.7 Unstable nuclei and radioactive emissions
- P5.1.8 Emissions and changes to the nucleus
- P5.1.9 Writing decay equations
- P5.1.10 Half-life and random decay
- P5.1.11 Decline after a number of half-lives
- P5.1.12 Half-life from activity–time graphs
- P5.2 How can radioactive materials be used safely?
- P5.2.1 Penetration of alpha, beta and gamma
- P5.2.2 Contamination and irradiation
- P5.2.3 Medical uses of nuclear radiation
- P5.2.4 Hazards of ionising radiation
- P5.2.5 Hazard, radiation type and half-life
P6 Matter – models and explanations
- P6.1 How does energy transform matter?
- P6.1.1 Density, with practical measurement
- P6.1.1a Density
- P6.1.1b Measuring density of solids and liquids
- P6.1.2 Density, mass and volume equation
- P6.1.3 Energy transfer by heating
- P6.1.4 Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
- P6.1.5 Specific heat capacity, with practical work
- P6.1.5a Specific heat capacity equation
- P6.1.5b Practical: measuring specific heat capacity
- P6.1.6 Specific latent heat equation
- P6.1.7 Energy stores as temperature rises
- P6.1.8 Calculating energy transfers with temperature change
- P6.2 How does the particle model explain the effects of heating?
- P6.2.1 Density and states of matter
- P6.2.2 Conservation of mass in changes of state
- P6.2.3 Heating, internal energy and changes of state
- P6.2.4 Gas molecules, temperature and pressure
- P6.3 How does the particle model relate to materials under stress?
- P6.3.1 More than one force to deform an object
- P6.3.2 Elastic and plastic deformation
- P6.3.3 Force and extension of a spring, with practical
- P6.3.3a Force and extension of a spring
- P6.3.3b Practical: extension of a spring
- P6.3.4 Linear and non-linear force–extension
- P6.3.5 Spring constant equation
- P6.3.6 Work done stretching a spring, with practical
- P6.3.6a Work done from a force–extension graph
- P6.3.6b Practical: work done stretching a spring
- P6.3.7 Energy stored in a stretched spring
BCP7 Ideas about Science
- IaS1 What needs to be considered when investigating a phenomenon scientifically?
- IaS1.1 Developing hypotheses and predictions
- IaS1.2 Choosing apparatus and techniques
- IaS1.3 Scientific quantities
- IaS1.4 Controlling variables
- IaS1.5 Sample size and range of values
- IaS1.6 Planning experiments
- IaS1.7 Hazards and minimising risk
- IaS1.8 Communicating investigation rationale and methods
- IaS2 What processes are needed to draw conclusions from data?
- IaS2.1 Presenting observations and data
- IaS2.2 SI units and IUPAC names
- IaS2.3 Prefixes and powers of ten
- IaS2.4 Translating data between forms
- IaS2.5 Converting units
- IaS2.6 Significant figures
- IaS2.7 Displaying data on graphs
- IaS2.8 Analysing data: patterns, statistics and gradients
- IaS2.9 Evaluating data quality and errors
- IaS2.10 Evaluating and improving an experimental strategy
- IaS2.11 Interpreting data and drawing conclusions
- IaS2.12 Data and confidence in a hypothesis
- IaS3 How are scientific explanations developed?
- IaS3.1 Correlation and cause
- IaS3.2 How scientific theories develop
- IaS3.3 Peer review
- IaS3.4 Using models to solve problems and explain
- IaS4 How do science and technology impact society?
- IaS4.1 Applications of science that improved lives
- IaS4.2 Risks from new scientific advances
- IaS4.3 Weighing risks and benefits in a situation
- IaS4.4 Different decisions on the same issue
- IaS4.5 Scientific and non-scientific questions
- IaS4.6 Communicating science to different audiences
BCP8 Practical skills
- PAGB1 Microscopy
- PAGB2 Sampling techniques
- PAGB3 Rates of enzyme-controlled reactions
- PAGB4 Photosynthesis
- PAGB5 Microbiological techniques
- PAGC1 Electrolysis
- PAGC2 Distillation
- PAGC3 Separation Techniques
- PAGC4 Production of salts
- PAGC5 Measuring rates of reaction
- PAGP1 Materials
- PAGP2 Forces
- PAGP3 Motion
- PAGP4 Waves
- PAGP5 Energy
- PAGP6 Circuits
5e Mathematical skills
- M1 Arithmetic and numerical computation
- M1a Decimal form
- M1b Standard form
- M1c Ratios, fractions and percentages
- M1d Estimating results of calculations
- M2 Handling data
- M2a Significant figures
- M2b Arithmetic means
- M2c Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms
- M2d Sampling principles for scientific data
- M2e Simple probability
- M2f Mean, mode and median
- M2g Scatter diagrams and correlation
- M2h Order of magnitude calculations
- M3 Algebra
- M3a Mathematical symbols
- M3b Changing the subject of an equation
- M3c Substituting values into equations
- M3d Solving simple equations
- M4 Graphs
- M4a Graphical and numeric forms
- M4b Linear relationships: y = mx + c
- M4c Plotting two variables from data
- M4d Slope and intercept of a linear graph
- M4e Tangents to curves as rates of change
- M4f Area under a curve
- M5 Geometry and trigonometry
- M5a Angles in degrees
- M5b Representing 2-D and 3-D forms
- M5c Areas, surface areas and volumes