Specification points
OCR GCSE Twenty First Century Science Suite - Chemistry B J258
326 points in 9 topics, with OCR's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·OCR command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from OCR's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: OCR’s specification.
C1 Air and water
- C1.1 How has the Earth’s atmosphere changed over time, and why?
- C1.1.1 The particle model and changes of state
- C1.1.2 Limitations of the particle model
- C1.1.3 Forces between particles and changes of state
- C1.1.4 Predicting states from data
- C1.1.5 Formation of the early atmosphere
- C1.1.6 Development of an oxygen-rich atmosphere
- C1.1.7 Sources of atmospheric pollutants
- C1.1.8 Problems of pollutants and reducing emissions
- C1.1.9 Formulae of elements and covalent compounds
- C1.1.10 Formulae and balanced equations
- C1.1.11 Arithmetic and ratio in balancing equations
- C1.1.12 Tests for oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
- C1.1.13 Oxidation as gain of oxygen
- C1.2 Why are there temperature changes in chemical reactions?
- C1.2.1 Endothermic and exothermic reactions
- C1.2.2 Reaction profiles and activation energy
- C1.2.3 Activation energy
- C1.2.4 Interpreting reaction profile charts
- C1.2.5 Energy changes from bond energies
- C1.2.6 Arithmetic in energy change calculations
- C1.2.7 Investigating endothermic and exothermic reactions
- C1.2.8 Chemical cells
- C1.2.9 Fuel cells: advantages and disadvantages
- C1.3 What is the evidence for climate change, why is it occurring?
- C1.3.1 The greenhouse effect
- C1.3.2 Evidence for human causes of climate change
- C1.3.3 Effects of rising carbon dioxide and methane
- C1.3.4 Mitigating effects of greenhouse gases
- C1.3.5 Information from charts, graphs and tables
- C1.3.6 Orders of magnitude in evaluating data
- C1.4 How can scientists help improve the supply of potable water?
- C1.4.1 Increasing potable water supply
- C1.4.2 Test for chlorine
C2 Chemical patterns
- C2.1 How have our ideas about atoms developed over time?
- C2.1.1 Development of the atomic model
- C2.1.2 Nucleus and electrons in the atom
- C2.1.3 Charges and masses of subatomic particles
- C2.1.4 Size of atoms relative to other particles
- C2.1.5 Typical sizes of atoms and molecules
- C2.1.6 Size of atoms compared with everyday objects
- C2.1.7 Protons, neutrons and electrons from atomic data
- C2.2 What does the Periodic Table tell us about the elements?
- C2.2.1 Electron arrangement and Periodic Table position
- C2.2.2 How Mendeleev organised the elements
- C2.2.3 Evidence supporting Mendeleev's gaps and ordering
- C2.2.4 Metals and non-metals compared
- C2.2.5 Properties of Group 1 elements
- C2.2.6 Properties of Group 7 elements
- C2.2.7 Predicting reactivity from the Periodic Table
- C2.2.8 Experiments on Group 7 reactivity
- C2.2.9 Experiments on Group 1 reactivity
- C2.3 How do metals and non-metals combine to form compounds?
- C2.3.1 Properties of Group 0 elements
- C2.3.2 Group trends and outer electrons
- C2.3.3 Reactions and electron arrangement
- C2.3.4 Atomic structure and position in the Periodic Table
- C2.3.5 Bonding in ionic compounds
- C2.3.6 Ionic bonding and electron transfer
- C2.3.7 Subatomic particles in atoms and ions
- C2.3.8 Dot and cross diagrams for ionic substances
- C2.3.9 Bulk properties of ionic materials
- C2.3.10 Melting points of ionic compounds
- C2.3.11 Limitations of models of ionic compounds
- C2.3.12 Diagrams, numbers and 3-D shapes of ionic structures
- C2.4 How are equations used to represent chemical reactions?
- C2.4.1 Formulae of elements and compounds
- C2.4.2 Formulae of Group 1 and Group 7 compounds
- C2.4.3 Writing formulae from the Periodic Table
- C2.4.4 State symbols
- C2.5 What are the properties of the transition metals? (separate science only)
- C2.5.1 Properties of transition metals
C3 Chemicals of the natural environment
- C3.1 How are the atoms held together in a metal?
- C3.1.1 Bonding in metals
- C3.1.2 Bulk properties of metals
- C3.2 How are metals with different reactivities extracted?
- C3.2.1 Order of reactivity of metals from experiments
- C3.2.2 Metal reactivity and forming positive ions
- C3.2.3 Formulae and balanced equations for metal reactions
- C3.2.4 Extracting metals using carbon
- C3.2.5 Why electrolysis extracts some metals
- C3.2.6 Biological metal extraction
- C3.3 What are electrolytes and what happens during electrolysis?
- C3.3.1 Ions and electrode reactions in electrolysis
- C3.3.2 Electrolysis of molten binary compounds
- C3.3.3 Products at electrodes with inert electrodes
- C3.3.4 Half equations
- C3.3.5 Oxidation and reduction by electrons
- C3.3.6 Extracting aluminium by electrolysis
- C3.3.7 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
- C3.3.8 Electrolysis of a salt solution
- C3.4 Why is crude oil important as a source of new materials?
- C3.4.1 Crude oil as a petrochemical feedstock
- C3.4.2 Dependence on hydrocarbons as a finite resource
- C3.4.3 Fractional distillation of crude oil
- C3.4.4 Crude oil fractions as alkanes
- C3.4.5 Bonds, forces and changes of state
- C3.4.6 Empirical formulae
- C3.4.7 Ratio in empirical formulae
- C3.4.8 Bonding in simple molecules
- C3.4.9 Covalent bonding and shared electrons
- C3.4.10 Dot and cross diagrams for covalent substances
- C3.4.11 Representing 3-D molecules in 2-D
- C3.4.12 Limitations of models of covalent molecules
- C3.4.13 Diagrammatic and numerical forms
- C3.4.14 Bulk properties of simple molecules
- C3.4.15 Cracking
- C3.4.16 Functional groups and homologous series
- C3.4.17 Naming and drawing first four alkanes, alkenes and more
- C3.4.18 Predicting products of organic reactions
- C3.4.19 Functional groups determine reactions
C4 Material choices
- C4.1 How is data used to choose a material for a particular use?
- C4.1.1 Properties of ceramics, polymers, composites and metals
- C4.1.2 Choosing materials for their uses
- C4.1.3 Alloys such as steel
- C4.2 What are the different types of polymers? (separate science only)
- C4.2.1 Addition polymerisation
- C4.2.2 Addition polymers and their monomers
- C4.2.3 Condensation polymerisation
- C4.2.4 DNA and other natural polymers
- C4.3 How do bonding and structure affect properties of materials?
- C4.3.1 Bulk properties and bonding of materials
- C4.3.2 Carbon's four covalent bonds
- C4.3.3 Carbon compounds: chains, rings and families
- C4.3.4 Bonding in polymers and their properties
- C4.3.5 Bonding in giant covalent structures
- C4.3.6 Diamond and graphite
- C4.3.7 Representing allotropes of carbon
- C4.3.8 Comparing bonding in different structures
- C4.4 Why are nanoparticles so useful?
- C4.4.1 Nano dimensions compared with atoms
- C4.4.2 Surface area to volume ratio of particles
- C4.4.3 Uses of nanoparticulate materials
- C4.4.4 Fullerenes and graphene
- C4.4.5 Risks of nanoparticles
- C4.4.5a Health effects of nanoparticle size and surface area
- C4.4.5b Limited data on nanoparticle health effects
- C4.4.5c Risks and benefits of nanoparticle uses
- C4.4.6 Sizes of atoms and nanoparticles
- C4.4.6a Nanotechnology and the nanometre scale
- C4.4.6b Comparing sizes in nanometres
- C4.4.7 Standard form for nanoparticles
- C4.4.8 Ratios in size and surface area comparisons
- C4.4.9 Surface areas and volumes of cubes
- C4.5 What happens to products at the end of their useful life?
- C4.5.1 Corrosion and its prevention
- C4.5.2 Oxidation and reduction by oxygen
- C4.5.3 Oxidation and reduction by electrons
- C4.5.4 Life-cycle assessment
- C4.5.4a Resources and impact at each life-cycle stage
- C4.5.4b Waste disposal: incineration, landfill, energy schemes
- C4.5.4c Biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials
- C4.5.5 Interpreting life-cycle assessments
- C4.5.6 Reusing and recycling PET bottles
- C4.5.7 Decisions on recycling
C5 Chemical analysis
- C5.1 How are chemicals separated and tested for purity?
- C5.1.1 Formulations
- C5.1.2 Purity in science and everyday use
- C5.1.3 Melting points and purity
- C5.1.4 Stationary and mobile phases
- C5.1.5 Chromatograms and Rf values
- C5.1.6 Chromatography to test purity
- C5.1.6a Paper chromatography
- C5.1.6b Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents
- C5.1.6c Locating agents
- C5.1.7 Filtration, crystallisation and distillation
- C5.1.8 Choosing purification techniques
- C5.2 How do chemists find the composition of unknown samples? (separate science only)
- C5.2.1 Representative sampling in analysis
- C5.2.2 Identifying metal ions by flame tests
- C5.2.3 Flame test technique
- C5.2.4 Tests for cations and anions
- C5.2.4a Precipitation tests for metal ions
- C5.2.4b Tests for carbonate, halide and sulfate ions
- C5.2.5 Interpreting emission spectroscopy
- C5.2.6 Advantages of instrumental analysis
- C5.2.7 Interpreting spectroscopy charts
- C5.3 How are the amounts of substances in reactions calculated?
- C5.3.1 Conservation of mass
- C5.3.2 Mass changes in open systems
- C5.3.3 Relative formula mass
- C5.3.4 The Avogadro constant and the mole
- C5.3.5 Mass and moles
- C5.3.6 Stoichiometry and limiting reactants
- C5.3.7 Reacting mass calculations
- C5.3.8 Arithmetic in quantitative chemistry
- C5.3.9 Standard form with the Avogadro constant
- C5.3.10 Changing the subject of an equation
- C5.3.11 Theoretical mass of product
- C5.3.12 Percentage yield
- C5.3.13 Reasons for low yields
- C5.3.14 Moles and volumes of gases
- C5.4 How are the amounts of chemicals in solution measured?
- C5.4.1 Qualitative and quantitative analysis
- C5.4.2 Mass, volume and concentration
- C5.4.3 Concentration in mol/dm³
- C5.4.4 Neutralisation and common acids
- C5.4.5 Hydrogen and hydroxide ions in acids and alkalis
- C5.4.6 Neutralisation as H⁺ and OH⁻ reacting
- C5.4.7 Titration procedure
- C5.4.8 Quality of titration data
- C5.4.9 Titration volumes and concentrations
C6 Making useful chemicals
- C6.1 What useful products can be made from acids?
- C6.1.1 Acids with metals and carbonates
- C6.1.2 Making salts
- C6.1.3 Formulae from common ions
- C6.1.4 Measuring pH with indicators and meters
- C6.1.5 Dilute, concentrated, weak and strong acids
- C6.1.6 Tenfold change in hydrogen ions and pH
- C6.1.7 Hydrogen ion concentration and pH
- C6.2 How do chemists control the rate of reactions?
- C6.2.1 Factors affecting rate of reaction
- C6.2.2 Collision theory and rate
- C6.2.3 Surface area to volume ratio and rate
- C6.2.4 Catalysts and rate
- C6.2.5 Identifying catalysts
- C6.2.6 Catalysts and activation energy
- C6.2.7 Methods for measuring rates
- C6.2.8 Interpreting rate graphs
- C6.2.9 Graphs of conditions and rate
- C6.2.10 Arithmetic and ratio in rates
- C6.2.11 Graphs of reaction rate
- C6.2.12 Gradients as rates
- C6.2.13 Proportionality in rate factors
- C6.2.14 Enzymes as catalysts
- C6.3 What factors affect the yield of chemical reactions?
- C6.3.1 Reversible reactions
- C6.3.1a The reversible reaction symbol
- C6.3.1b Yields of reversible reactions
- C6.3.2 Dynamic equilibrium
- C6.3.3 Changing conditions and equilibrium position
- C6.3.3a Catalysts and yield
- C6.3.3b Drawbacks of very high temperature or pressure
- C6.4 How are chemicals made on an industrial scale? (separate science only)
- C6.4.1 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in farming
- C6.4.2 The Haber process and fertilisers
- C6.4.2a Food demand and supply
- C6.4.2b Sustainability of fertiliser production and use
- C6.4.2c Eutrophication from over-use of fertilisers
- C6.4.3 Conditions for the Haber process
- C6.4.3a Raw materials and feedstocks for ammonia
- C6.4.3b Catalyst, temperature and pressure effects on ammonia
- C6.4.3c Separating ammonia and recycling reactants
- C6.4.4 Rate and equilibrium trade-off in industry
- C6.4.5 Atom economy
- C6.4.6 Calculating atom economy
- C6.4.7 Arithmetic in atom economy
- C6.4.8 Choosing a reaction pathway
- C6.4.9 Integrated industrial production of fertilisers
- C6.4.9a Fertilisers from more than one process
- C6.4.9b Fertilisers as by-products
- C6.4.9c Process flow charts
- C6.4.9d Batch and continuous processes
- C6.4.10 Industrial and laboratory fertiliser production
C7 Ideas about Science
- IaS1 What needs to be considered when investigating a phenomenon scientifically?
- IaS1.1 Developing hypotheses and predictions
- IaS1.2 Choosing apparatus and techniques
- IaS1.3 Scientific quantities
- IaS1.4 Controlling variables
- IaS1.5 Sample size and range of values
- IaS1.6 Planning experiments
- IaS1.7 Hazards and minimising risk
- IaS1.8 Communicating investigation rationale and methods
- IaS2 What processes are needed to draw conclusions from data?
- IaS2.1 Presenting observations and data
- IaS2.2 SI units and IUPAC names
- IaS2.3 Prefixes and powers of ten
- IaS2.4 Translating data between forms
- IaS2.5 Converting units
- IaS2.6 Significant figures
- IaS2.7 Displaying data on graphs
- IaS2.8 Analysing data: patterns, statistics and gradients
- IaS2.9 Evaluating data quality and errors
- IaS2.10 Evaluating and improving an experimental strategy
- IaS2.11 Interpreting data and drawing conclusions
- IaS2.12 Data and confidence in a hypothesis
- IaS3 How are scientific explanations developed?
- IaS3.1 Correlation and cause
- IaS3.2 How scientific theories develop
- IaS3.3 Peer review
- IaS3.4 Using models to solve problems and explain
- IaS4 How do science and technology impact society?
- IaS4.1 Applications of science that improved lives
- IaS4.2 Risks from new scientific advances
- IaS4.3 Weighing risks and benefits in a situation
- IaS4.4 Different decisions on the same issue
- IaS4.5 Scientific and non-scientific questions
- IaS4.6 Communicating science to different audiences
C8 Practical skills
5e Mathematical skills
- M1 Arithmetic and numerical computation
- M1a Decimal form
- M1b Standard form
- M1c Ratios, fractions and percentages
- M1d Estimating results of calculations
- M2 Handling data
- M2a Significant figures
- M2b Arithmetic means
- M2c Frequency tables, bar charts and histograms
- M2h Order of magnitude calculations
- M3 Algebra
- M3a Mathematical symbols
- M3b Changing the subject of an equation
- M4 Graphs
- M4a Graphical and numeric forms
- M4b Linear relationships: y = mx + c
- M4c Plotting two variables from data
- M4d Slope and intercept of a linear graph
- M4e Tangents to curves as rates of change
- M5 Geometry and trigonometry
- M5c Areas, surface areas and volumes