Specification points

OCR A-level Physics A H556

611 points in 8 topics, with OCR's codes and titles.

Codes and titles are read by a script from OCR's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: OCR’s specification.

1 Development of practical skills in physics

1.1 Practical skills assessed in a written examination
1.1.1 Planning
1.1.1(a) Designing experiments to solve practical problems
1.1.1(b) Identifying variables to control
1.1.1(c) Judging whether a method suits the aims
1.1.2 Implementing
1.1.2(a) Using practical apparatus and techniques correctly
1.1.2(b) Units for measurements
1.1.2(c) Presenting observations and data
1.1.3 Analysis
1.1.3(a) Processing and interpreting experimental results
1.1.3(b) Maths skills for analysing quantitative data
1.1.3(c) Significant figures
1.1.3(d) Plotting and interpreting graphs of results
1.1.3(d)(i) Choosing and labelling graph axes
1.1.3(d)(ii) Gradients and intercepts from graphs
1.1.4 Evaluation
1.1.4(a) Evaluating results and drawing conclusions
1.1.4(b) Spotting anomalies in measurements
1.1.4(c) Limitations of experimental procedures
1.1.4(d) Precision, accuracy, errors and uncertainties
1.1.4(e) Improving experimental procedures and apparatus
1.2 Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement
1.2.1 Practical skills
1.2.1(a) Investigative approaches in practical work
1.2.1(b) Safe, correct use of practical equipment
1.2.1(c) Following written instructions
1.2.1(d) Making and recording observations and measurements
1.2.1(e) Keeping records of practical activities
1.2.1(f) Presenting information and data scientifically
1.2.1(g) Software and tools for data and research
1.2.1(h) Research skills using online and printed sources
1.2.1(i) Citing sources of information
1.2.1(j) Range of practical instruments and techniques
1.2.2 Use of apparatus and techniques
1.2.2(a) Analogue apparatus and reading scales
1.2.2(b) Digital instruments and multimeters
1.2.2(c) Improving accuracy of measurements
1.2.2(d) Timing with stopwatches and light gates
1.2.2(e) Calipers and micrometers
1.2.2(f) Building circuits from diagrams
1.2.2(g) Designing and checking circuits
1.2.2(h) Signal generators and oscilloscopes
1.2.2(i) Generating and measuring waves
1.2.2(j) Investigating light with lasers
1.2.2(k) ICT, sensors and data loggers
1.2.2(l) Ionising radiation and detectors

3 Forces and motion

3.1 Motion
3.1.1 Kinematics
3.1.1(a) Displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
3.1.1(b) Graphs of motion
3.1.1(c) Displacement–time graphs
3.1.1(d) Velocity–time graphs
3.1.2 Linear motion
3.1.2(a) Equations of motion, with practical work
3.1.2(a)(i) Equations of motion for constant acceleration
3.1.2(a)(ii) Investigating motion and collisions
3.1.2(b) Acceleration of free fall, with practical work
3.1.2(b)(i) Acceleration of free fall
3.1.2(b)(ii) Measuring the acceleration of free fall
3.1.2(c) Stopping distances
3.1.3 Projectile motion
3.1.3(a) Independent horizontal and vertical motion
3.1.3(b) Two-dimensional projectile motion
3.2 Forces in action
3.2.1 Dynamics
3.2.1(a) Newton's second law: F = ma
3.2.1(b) The newton
3.2.1(c) Weight: W = mg
3.2.1(d) Tension, normal contact force, upthrust and friction
3.2.1(e) Free-body diagrams
3.2.1(f) Motion under a constant force
3.2.2 Motion with non-uniform acceleration
3.2.2(a) Drag in fluids
3.2.2(b) Factors affecting drag in air
3.2.2(c) Falling with drag
3.2.2(d) Terminal velocity, with practical work
3.2.2(d)(i) Terminal velocity
3.2.2(d)(ii) Measuring terminal velocity in fluids
3.2.3 Equilibrium
3.2.3(a) Moment of a force
3.2.3(b) Couples and torque
3.2.3(c) The principle of moments
3.2.3(d) Centre of mass and centre of gravity
3.2.3(e) Equilibrium under forces and torques
3.2.3(f) Three coplanar forces and the triangle of forces
3.2.4 Density and pressure
3.2.4(a) Density
3.2.4(b) Pressure in solids, liquids and gases
3.2.4(c) Fluid pressure, upthrust and Archimedes' principle
3.3 Work, energy and power
3.3.1 Work and conservation of energy
3.3.1(a) Work done and the joule
3.3.1(b) Work done by a force at an angle
3.3.1(c) Conservation of energy
3.3.1(d) Forms of energy and energy transfer
3.3.1(e) Energy transferred equals work done
3.3.2 Kinetic and potential energies
3.3.2(a) Kinetic energy
3.3.2(b) Gravitational potential energy
3.3.2(c) Exchange of potential and kinetic energy
3.3.3 Power
3.3.3(a) Power and the watt
3.3.3(b) Power: P = Fv
3.3.3(c) Efficiency of mechanical systems
3.4 Materials
3.4.1 Springs
3.4.1(a) Tensile and compressive deformation
3.4.1(b) Hooke’s law
3.4.1(c) Force constant and Hooke's law
3.4.1(d) Force–extension graphs, with practical work
3.4.1(d)(i) Force–extension graphs for springs and wires
3.4.1(d)(ii) Investigating force–extension characteristics
3.4.2 Mechanical properties of matter
3.4.2(a) Work done from force–extension graphs
3.4.2(b) Elastic potential energy
3.4.2(c) Tensile stress, strain and ultimate tensile strength
3.4.2(d) The Young modulus, with practical work
3.4.2(d)(i) The Young modulus
3.4.2(d)(ii) Measuring the Young modulus of a metal
3.4.2(e) Stress–strain graphs for different materials
3.4.2(f) Elastic and plastic deformation
3.5 Newton’s laws of motion and momentum
3.5.1 Newton’s laws of motion
3.5.1(a) Newton’s three laws of motion
3.5.1(b) Linear momentum
3.5.1(c) Force as rate of change of momentum
3.5.1(d) Impulse
3.5.1(e) Impulse from force–time graphs
3.5.2 Collisions
3.5.2(a) Conservation of momentum
3.5.2(b) Collisions in one and two dimensions
3.5.2(c) Elastic and inelastic collisions

4 Electrons, waves and photons

4.1 Charge and current
4.1.1 Charge
4.1.1(a) Current as rate of flow of charge
4.1.1(b) The coulomb
4.1.1(c) The elementary charge
4.1.1(d) Quantisation of charge
4.1.1(e) Charge carriers in metals and electrolytes
4.1.1(f) Conventional current and electron flow
4.1.1(g) Kirchhoff's first law
4.1.2 Mean drift velocity
4.1.2(a) Mean drift velocity
4.1.2(b) Current and number density: I = Anev
4.1.2(c) Conductors, semiconductors and insulators
4.2 Energy, power and resistance
4.2.1 Circuit symbols
4.2.1(a) Circuit symbols
4.2.1(b) Circuit diagrams
4.2.2 E.m.f. and p.d
4.2.2(a) Potential difference and the volt
4.2.2(b) E.m.f. of a cell or power supply
4.2.2(c) E.m.f. and p.d. compared
4.2.2(d) Energy transfer: W = VQ and W = EQ
4.2.2(e) Energy of accelerated charged particles
4.2.3 Resistance
4.2.3(a) Resistance and the ohm
4.2.3(b) Ohm’s law
4.2.3(c) I–V characteristics, with practical work
4.2.3(c)(i) I–V characteristics of components
4.2.3(c)(ii) Investigating ohmic and non-ohmic components
4.2.3(d) Light-dependent resistors
4.2.4 Resistivity
4.2.4(a) Resistivity, with practical work
4.2.4(a)(i) Resistivity of a material
4.2.4(a)(ii) Measuring the resistivity of a metal
4.2.4(b) Resistivity and temperature
4.2.4(c) NTC thermistors
4.2.5 Power
4.2.5(a) Electrical power equations
4.2.5(b) Energy transfer: W = VIt
4.2.5(c) The kilowatt-hour and energy cost
4.3 Electrical circuits
4.3.1 Series and parallel circuits
4.3.1(a) Kirchhoff's second law
4.3.1(b) Applying Kirchhoff's laws to circuits
4.3.1(c) Resistors in series
4.3.1(d) Resistors in parallel
4.3.1(e) Analysing series and parallel circuits
4.3.1(f) Circuits with more than one e.m.f. source
4.3.2 Internal resistance
4.3.2(a) Internal resistance
4.3.2(b) Terminal p.d. and lost volts
4.3.2(c) Internal resistance equations, with practical work
4.3.2(c)(i) E.m.f. and internal resistance equations
4.3.2(c)(ii) Measuring internal resistance
4.3.3 Potential dividers
4.3.3(a) Potential divider circuits
4.3.3(b) Potential dividers with sensors
4.3.3(c) Potential divider equations, with practical work
4.3.3(c)(i) Potential divider equations
4.3.3(c)(ii) Investigating potential divider circuits
4.4 Waves
4.4.1 Wave motion
4.4.1(a) Progressive, longitudinal and transverse waves
4.4.1(b) Wave properties and oscilloscope measurements
4.4.1(b)(i) Displacement, amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, speed
4.4.1(b)(ii) Measuring frequency with an oscilloscope
4.4.1(c) Frequency and period
4.4.1(d) The wave equation
4.4.1(e) Graphs of transverse and longitudinal waves
4.4.1(f) Wave effects, with practical work
4.4.1(f)(i) Wave behaviours: reflection, refraction, polarisation, diffraction
4.4.1(f)(ii) Demonstrating wave effects in a ripple tank
4.4.1(f)(iii) Observing polarisation with microwaves and light
4.4.1(g) Wave intensity and amplitude
4.4.2 Electromagnetic waves
4.4.2(a) The electromagnetic spectrum
4.4.2(b) Wavelengths from radio to gamma rays
4.4.2(c) Polarisation of electromagnetic waves
4.4.2(d) Refraction, with practical work
4.4.2(d)(i) Refractive index and Snell's law
4.4.2(d)(ii) Investigating refraction and total internal reflection
4.4.2(e) Critical angle and total internal reflection
4.4.3 Superposition
4.4.3(a) Superposition, with practical work
4.4.3(a)(i) The principle of superposition
4.4.3(a)(ii) Superposition experiments with sound, light and microwaves
4.4.3(b) Graphs illustrating superposition
4.4.3(c) Interference, coherence and path difference
4.4.3(d) Constructive and destructive interference
4.4.3(e) Two-source interference with sound and microwaves
4.4.3(f) Young double-slit experiment
4.4.3(g) Double-slit equation, with practical work
4.4.3(g)(i) The double-slit equation
4.4.3(g)(ii) Measuring the wavelength of light
4.4.4 Stationary waves
4.4.4(a) Stationary waves
4.4.4(b) Graphs of stationary waves
4.4.4(c) Stationary and progressive waves compared
4.4.4(d) Nodes and antinodes
4.4.4(e) Stationary wave patterns, with practical work
4.4.4(e)(i) Stationary waves on strings and in air columns
4.4.4(e)(ii) Speed of sound from a resonance tube
4.4.4(f) Node separation and wavelength
4.4.4(g) Fundamental mode and harmonics
4.5 Quantum physics
4.5.1 Photons
4.5.1(a) The photon model
4.5.1(b) The photon as a quantum
4.5.1(c) Energy of a photon
4.5.1(d) The electronvolt
4.5.1(e) Planck constant from LEDs
4.5.1(e)(i) Estimating the Planck constant with LEDs
4.5.1(e)(ii) Planck constant from coloured LEDs
4.5.2 The photoelectric effect
4.5.2(a) The photoelectric effect, with demonstrations
4.5.2(a)(i) The photoelectric effect
4.5.2(a)(ii) Demonstrating the photoelectric effect
4.5.2(b) Photon–electron one-to-one interaction
4.5.2(c) Einstein's photoelectric equation
4.5.2(d) Work function and threshold frequency
4.5.2(e) Photoelectron energy and intensity
4.5.2(f) Photoelectron emission rate and intensity
4.5.3 Wave–particle duality
4.5.3(a) Electron diffraction and its evidence
4.5.3(b) Electrons diffracted by graphite
4.5.3(c) The de Broglie equation

5 Newtonian world and astrophysics

5.1 Thermal physics
5.1.1 Temperature
5.1.1(a) Thermal equilibrium
5.1.1(b) The absolute temperature scale
5.1.1(c) Celsius and kelvin
5.1.1(d) T K(). i (°C) + 273
5.1.2 Solid, liquid and gas
5.1.2(a) Particle arrangement in solids, liquids and gases
5.1.2(b) Kinetic model of matter
5.1.2(c) Brownian motion
5.1.2(d) Internal energy
5.1.2(e) Absolute zero
5.1.2(f) Internal energy and temperature rise
5.1.2(g) Internal energy during change of phase
5.1.3 Thermal properties of materials
5.1.3(a) Specific heat capacity
5.1.3(b) Measuring specific heat capacity
5.1.3(b)(i) Electrical method for specific heat capacity
5.1.3(b)(ii) Measuring specific heat capacity of metals and liquids
5.1.3(c) Specific latent heat
5.1.3(d) Measuring specific latent heat
5.1.3(d)(i) Electrical method for specific latent heat
5.1.3(d)(ii) Measuring latent heat of solids and liquids
5.1.4 Ideal gases
5.1.4(a) Moles and the Avogadro constant
5.1.4(b) Kinetic theory of gases
5.1.4(c) Gas pressure from kinetic theory
5.1.4(d) Ideal gas equation, with practical work
5.1.4(d)(i) Ideal gas equation of state
5.1.4(d)(ii) Investigating Boyle's law and pressure–temperature
5.1.4(d)(iii) Estimating absolute zero from gas pressure
5.1.4(e) Kinetic theory equation: pV = ⅓Nmc²
5.1.4(f) Root mean square speed
5.1.4(g) The Boltzmann constant
5.1.4(h) Molecular kinetic energy and temperature
5.1.4(i) Internal energy of an ideal gas
5.2 Circular motion
5.2.1 Kinematics of circular motion
5.2.1(a) The radian
5.2.1(b) Period and frequency in circular motion
5.2.1(c) Angular velocity
5.2.2 Centripetal force
5.2.2(a) Perpendicular force causing circular motion
5.2.2(b) Uniform circular motion: v = ωr
5.2.2(c) Centripetal acceleration
5.2.2(d) Centripetal force, with practical work
5.2.2(d)(i) Centripetal force
5.2.2(d)(ii) Investigating circular motion with a whirling bung
5.3 Oscillations
5.3.1 Simple harmonic oscillations
5.3.1(a) Terms describing oscillations
5.3.1(b) Angular frequency
5.3.1(c) Simple harmonic motion, with practical work
5.3.1(c)(i) Defining equation of simple harmonic motion
5.3.1(c)(ii) Measuring period of simple harmonic oscillations
5.3.1(d) Solutions of the SHM equation
5.3.1(e) Velocity in simple harmonic motion
5.3.1(f) Isochronous oscillators
5.3.1(g) Graphs of displacement, velocity and acceleration in SHM
5.3.2 Energy of a simple harmonic oscillator
5.3.2(a) Energy interchange in simple harmonic motion
5.3.2(b) Energy–displacement graphs in SHM
5.3.3 Damping
5.3.3(a) Free and forced oscillations
5.3.3(b) Damping of oscillations
5.3.3(b)(i) Effects of damping
5.3.3(b)(ii) Observing forced and damped oscillations
5.3.3(c) Resonance and natural frequency
5.3.3(d) Amplitude–driving frequency graphs
5.3.3(e) Examples of forced oscillations and resonance
5.4 Gravitational fields
5.4.1 Point and spherical masses
5.4.1(a) Gravitational fields and mass
5.4.1(b) Point mass model for spheres
5.4.1(c) Gravitational field lines
5.4.1(d) Gravitational field strength
5.4.1(e) Gravitational fields as one kind of field
5.4.2 Newton’s law of gravitation
5.4.2(a) Gravitational force between point masses
5.4.2(b) Field strength of a point mass
5.4.2(c) Uniform field near Earth's surface
5.4.3 Planetary motion
5.4.3(a) Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion
5.4.3(b) Gravitational force keeping planets in orbit
5.4.3(c) Orbital period and radius equation
5.4.3(d) Kepler's third law beyond the solar system
5.4.3(e) Geostationary orbits and satellites
5.4.4 Gravitational potential and energy
5.4.4(a) Gravitational potential
5.4.4(b) Gravitational potential of a point mass
5.4.4(c) Force–distance graphs for masses
5.4.4(d) Gravitational potential energy
5.4.4(e) Escape velocity
5.5 Astrophysics and cosmology
5.5.1 Stars
5.5.1(a) Astronomical objects and terms
5.5.1(b) Star formation
5.5.1(c) Evolution of low-mass stars
5.5.1(d) White dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar limit
5.5.1(e) Evolution of massive stars and supernovae
5.5.1(f) Neutron stars and black holes
5.5.1(g) The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
5.5.2 Electromagnetic radiation from stars
5.5.2(a) Energy levels in gas atoms
5.5.2(b) Negative energy levels
5.5.2(c) Emission lines and electron transitions
5.5.2(d) Photon energy and energy level differences
5.5.2(e) Identifying elements in stars from spectra
5.5.2(f) Continuous, emission and absorption spectra
5.5.2(g) Diffraction gratings and wavelength
5.5.2(h) Grating equation for maxima
5.5.2(i) Wien's displacement law and star temperature
5.5.2(j) Luminosity and Stefan's law
5.5.2(k) Estimating the radius of a star
5.5.3 Cosmology
5.5.3(a) Astronomical units, light-years and parsecs
5.5.3(b) Stellar parallax
5.5.3(c) Parallax and distance in parsecs
5.5.3(d) The Cosmological principle
5.5.3(e) Doppler effect for electromagnetic radiation
5.5.3(f) The Doppler equation
5.5.3(g) Hubble's law
5.5.3(h) Red shift and the expanding universe
5.5.3(i) Units of the Hubble constant
5.5.3(j) The Big Bang theory
5.5.3(k) Microwave background evidence for the Big Bang
5.5.3(l) Big Bang and expansion of space-time
5.5.3(m) Estimating the age of the universe
5.5.3(n) Evolution of the universe since the Big Bang
5.5.3(o) Dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter

6 Particles and medical physics

6.1 Capacitors
6.1.1 Capacitors
6.1.1(a) Capacitance and the farad
6.1.1(b) Charging and discharging capacitors
6.1.1(c) Capacitors in series
6.1.1(d) Capacitors in parallel
6.1.1(e) Capacitor circuits, with practical work
6.1.1(e)(i) Analysing circuits with capacitors
6.1.1(e)(ii) Investigating capacitors in series and parallel
6.1.2 Energy
6.1.2(a) Energy from p.d.–charge graphs
6.1.2(b) Equations for the energy stored by a capacitor
6.1.2(c) Uses of capacitors to store energy
6.1.3 Charging and discharging capacitors
6.1.3(a) Capacitor charge and discharge through a resistor
6.1.3(a)(i) Charging and discharging through a resistor
6.1.3(a)(ii) Investigating capacitor charge and discharge
6.1.3(b) Time constant
6.1.3(c) Exponential equations for capacitor circuits
6.1.3(d) Modelling capacitor discharge
6.1.3(e) Exponential decay graphs
6.2 Electric fields
6.2.1 Point and spherical charges
6.2.1(a) Electric fields and charges
6.2.1(b) Point charge model for spheres
6.2.1(c) Electric field lines
6.2.1(d) Electric field strength
6.2.2 Coulomb’s law
6.2.2(a) Coulomb's law
6.2.2(b) Field strength of a point charge
6.2.2(c) Gravitational and electric fields compared
6.2.2(d) Electric fields as one kind of field
6.2.3 Uniform electric field
6.2.3(a) Uniform electric fields
6.2.3(b) Parallel plate capacitors and permittivity
6.2.3(c) Charged particles in uniform electric fields
6.2.4 Electric potential and energy
6.2.4(a) Electric potential
6.2.4(b) Electric potential of a point charge
6.2.4(c) Capacitance of an isolated sphere
6.2.4(d) Force–distance graphs for charges
6.2.4(e) Electric potential energy
6.3 Electromagnetism
6.3.1 Magnetic fields
6.3.1(a) Sources of magnetic fields
6.3.1(b) Magnetic field lines
6.3.1(c) Magnetic field patterns
6.3.1(d) Fleming’s left-hand rule
6.3.1(e) Force on a conductor, with practical work
6.3.1(e)(i) Force on a current-carrying wire in a field
6.3.1(e)(ii) Measuring magnetic flux density
6.3.1(f) Magnetic flux density and the tesla
6.3.2 Motion of charged particles
6.3.2(a) Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
6.3.2(b) Circular orbits in a magnetic field
6.3.2(c) Crossed fields and velocity selectors
6.3.3 Electromagnetism
6.3.3(a) Magnetic flux and the weber
6.3.3(b) Magnetic flux linkage
6.3.3(c) Faraday's and Lenz's laws
6.3.3(d) Induced e.m.f., with search coil practical
6.3.3(d)(i) Induced e.m.f. and rate of change of flux linkage
6.3.3(d)(ii) Investigating magnetic flux with search coils
6.3.3(e) The a.c. generator
6.3.3(f) Transformers, with practical work
6.3.3(f)(i) Ideal transformer equations
6.3.3(f)(ii) Investigating transformers
6.4 Nuclear and particle physics
6.4.1 The nuclear atom
6.4.1(a) Alpha-particle scattering and the nucleus
6.4.1(b) Nuclear model of the atom
6.4.1(c) Sizes of atom and nucleus
6.4.1(d) Proton number, nucleon number and isotopes
6.4.1(e) The strong nuclear force
6.4.1(f) Radius of nuclei
6.4.1(g) Densities of atoms and nuclei
6.4.2 Fundamental particles
6.4.2(a) Particles and antiparticles
6.4.2(b) Properties of antiparticles
6.4.2(c) Hadrons
6.4.2(d) Leptons
6.4.2(e) Quark model of hadrons
6.4.2(f) Quark structure of proton and neutron
6.4.2(g) Charges of quarks and antiquarks
6.4.2(h) Beta-minus and beta-plus decay
6.4.2(i) Beta-minus decay in the quark model
6.4.2(j) Beta-plus decay in the quark model
6.4.2(k) Balancing quark transformation equations
6.4.2(l) Particle decay and the quark model
6.4.3 Radioactivity
6.4.3(a) Random, spontaneous radioactive decay
6.4.3(b) Alpha, beta and gamma radiation, with practical work
6.4.3(b)(i) Nature, penetration and range of radiations
6.4.3(b)(ii) Investigating absorption of radiations
6.4.3(c) Nuclear decay equations
6.4.3(d) Activity and the decay constant
6.4.3(e) Half-life, with practical work
6.4.3(e)(i) Half-life and the decay constant
6.4.3(e)(ii) Measuring the half-life of protactinium
6.4.3(f) Exponential decay equations and dice simulation
6.4.3(f)(i) Exponential equations for activity and undecayed nuclei
6.4.3(f)(ii) Simulating radioactive decay with dice
6.4.3(g) Modelling radioactive decay
6.4.3(h) Radioactive dating
6.4.4 Nuclear fission and fusion
6.4.4(a) Mass–energy equivalence
6.4.4(b) Energy in nuclear reactions
6.4.4(c) Pair creation and annihilation
6.4.4(d) Mass defect and binding energy
6.4.4(e) Binding energy per nucleon curve
6.4.4(f) Calculating binding energy of nuclei
6.4.4(g) Induced fission and chain reactions
6.4.4(h) Structure of a fission reactor
6.4.4(i) Environmental impact of nuclear waste
6.4.4(j) Nuclear fusion
6.4.4(k) Balancing nuclear equations
6.5 Medical imaging
6.5.1 Using X-rays
6.5.1(a) Structure of an X-ray tube
6.5.1(b) Producing X-ray photons
6.5.1(c) X-ray attenuation mechanisms
6.5.1(d) Attenuation of X-rays
6.5.1(e) Contrast media in X-ray imaging
6.5.1(f) CAT scanning
6.5.1(g) CAT scans compared with X-ray images
6.5.2 Diagnostic methods in medicine
6.5.2(a) Medical tracers
6.5.2(b) The gamma camera
6.5.2(c) Diagnosis with a gamma camera
6.5.2(d) PET scanners
6.5.2(e) Diagnosis with PET scanning
6.5.3 Using ultrasound
6.5.3(a) Ultrasound
6.5.3(b) Piezoelectric effect and ultrasound transducers
6.5.3(c) Ultrasound A-scans and B-scans
6.5.3(d) Acoustic impedance
6.5.3(e) Reflection of ultrasound at boundaries
6.5.3(f) Acoustic impedance matching
6.5.3(g) Doppler ultrasound and blood speed

5d How Science Works (HSW)

HSW1 Theories and models to explain science
HSW2 Posing questions and presenting scientific arguments
HSW3 Methods, including ICT, to answer scientific questions
HSW4 Experimental work and risk management
HSW5 Analysing data, correlation and causation
HSW6 Evaluating methods, evidence and data
HSW7 How scientific knowledge develops over time
HSW8 Communicating science with correct terminology
HSW9 Applications, benefits and risks of science
HSW10 Ethical issues in science
HSW11 Scientific community and validating knowledge
HSW12 Science in society's decision making

5e Mathematical requirements

M0 Arithmetic and numerical computation
M0.1 Units in calculations
M0.2 Decimal and standard form
M0.3 Ratios, fractions and percentages
M0.4 Estimating results
M0.5 Powers, exponentials and logarithms on calculators
M0.6 Trigonometric functions on calculators
M1 Handling data
M1.1 Significant figures
M1.2 Arithmetic means
M1.3 Simple probability
M1.4 Order of magnitude calculations
M1.5 Combining uncertainties in data
M2 Algebra
M2.1 Mathematical symbols
M2.2 Rearranging equations, including non-linear ones
M2.3 Substituting values into equations
M2.4 Solving equations, including quadratics
M2.5 Logarithms for wide-ranging quantities
M3 Graphs
M3.1 Graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
M3.2 Plotting two variables from data
M3.3 Linear relationships: y = mx + c
M3.4 Slope and intercept of a linear graph
M3.5 Rate of change from a linear graph
M3.6 Tangents to curves as rates of change
M3.7 Instantaneous and average rates of change
M3.8 Area between a curve and the x-axis
M3.9 Calculus ideas by graphs or spreadsheets
M3.10 Logarithmic plots
M3.11 Testing exponential and power laws with log plots
M3.12 Sketching modelled relationships
M4 Geometry and trigonometry
M4.1 Angles in 2-D and 3-D structures
M4.2 Representing 2-D and 3-D forms
M4.3 Areas, surface areas and volumes
M4.4 Pythagoras' theorem and triangle angles
M4.5 Sine, cosine and tangent in physics
M4.6 Small angle approximations
M4.7 Degrees and radians