Specification points

OCR A-level Chemistry B (Salters) H433

389 points in 14 topics, with OCR's codes and titles.

Codes and titles are read by a script from OCR's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: OCR’s specification.

1 Development of practical skills in chemistry

1.1 Practical skills assessed in a written examination
1.1.1 Planning
1.1.1(a) Designing experiments to solve practical problems
1.1.1(b) Identifying variables to control
1.1.1(c) Judging whether a method suits the aims
1.1.2 Implementing
1.1.2(a) Using practical apparatus and techniques correctly
1.1.2(b) Units for measurements
1.1.2(c) Presenting observations and data
1.1.3 Analysis
1.1.3(a) Processing and interpreting experimental results
1.1.3(b) Maths skills for analysing quantitative data
1.1.3(c) Significant figures
1.1.3(d) Plotting and interpreting graphs of results
1.1.3(d)(i) Choosing and labelling graph axes
1.1.3(d)(ii) Gradients and intercepts from graphs
1.1.4 Evaluation
1.1.4(a) Evaluating results and drawing conclusions
1.1.4(b) Spotting anomalies in measurements
1.1.4(c) Limitations of experimental procedures
1.1.4(d) Precision, accuracy, errors and uncertainties
1.1.4(e) Improving experimental procedures and apparatus
1.2 Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement
1.2.1 Practical skills
1.2.1(a) Investigative approaches in practical work
1.2.1(b) Safe, correct use of practical equipment
1.2.1(c) Following written instructions
1.2.1(d) Making and recording observations and measurements
1.2.1(e) Keeping records of practical activities
1.2.1(f) Presenting information and data scientifically
1.2.1(g) Software and tools for data and research
1.2.1(h) Research skills using online and printed sources
1.2.1(i) Citing sources of information
1.2.1(j) Range of practical instruments and techniques
1.2.2 Use of apparatus and techniques
1.2.2(a) Apparatus for measuring mass, time, volume and temperature
1.2.2(b) Heating with water baths, heaters or sand baths
1.2.2(c) Measuring pH
1.2.2(d) Laboratory techniques: titration, reflux, tests and filtration
1.2.2(d)(i) Titration with burette and pipette
1.2.2(d)(ii) Reflux and distillation apparatus
1.2.2(d)(iii) Qualitative tests for ions and functional groups
1.2.2(d)(iv) Filtration techniques
1.2.2(e) Making a standard solution
1.2.2(f) Acid–base indicators in titrations
1.2.2(g) Purifying solid and liquid products
1.2.2(g)(i) Recrystallising a solid product
1.2.2(g)(ii) Purifying a liquid with a separating funnel
1.2.2(h) Melting point apparatus
1.2.2(i) Thin layer or paper chromatography
1.2.2(j) Electrochemical cells and measuring voltages
1.2.2(k) Safe handling of hazardous substances
1.2.2(l) Measuring rates of reaction
1.2.2(l)(i) Initial rate methods such as clock reactions
1.2.2(l)(ii) Continuous monitoring of reaction rate

EL Elements of life

EL(a) Atomic structure and relative mass terms
EL(b) Mole calculations for masses, with practical work
EL(b)(i) Mole calculations: masses, formulae and yields
EL(b)(ii) Measuring masses of solids
EL(c) Concentration calculations and titrations
EL(c)(i) Mole calculations: concentration and titrations
EL(c)(ii) Measuring volumes and preparing standard solutions
EL(d) Full and ionic equations with state symbols
EL(e) Representing electrons in orbitals
EL(f) Electron configurations using sub-shells
EL(f)(i) Configurations of atoms from hydrogen to krypton
EL(f)(ii) Configurations of s- and p-block ions
EL(f)(iii) Outer sub-shells of other periods
EL(g) Developing models of the atom
EL(h) Nuclear fusion and element formation
EL(i) Bonding and dot-and-cross diagrams
EL(j) Giant lattice and simple molecular structures
EL(k) Shapes of molecules and ions
EL(l) Sodium chloride type lattices
EL(m) The periodic table and predicting properties
EL(n) Melting point trends in Periods 2 and 3
EL(o) Ion charges and formulae of common ions
EL(p) Group 2 elements and compounds
EL(q) Ionisation enthalpy and its trends
EL(r) Charge density and carbonate stability
EL(s) Solubility of salts and tests for ions
EL(t) Acids, bases and making salts
EL(u) Basic Group 2 oxides and hydroxides
EL(v) Order of the electromagnetic spectrum
EL(w) Atomic spectra and electron transitions
EL(w)(i) Absorption and emission spectra
EL(w)(ii) Features of atomic spectra
EL(w)(iii) Energy and frequency: ∆E = hν
EL(w)(iv) Frequency, wavelength and speed of light
EL(w)(v) Flame colours of metal ions
EL(x) Relative atomic mass from mass spectra

DF Developing fuels

DF(a) Mole calculations for gases, equations and enthalpy
DF(b) Sigma and pi bonds in organic compounds
DF(c) Molecular shape and 3-D wedge diagrams
DF(d) Enthalpy change terms
DF(e) Bond enthalpy and overall enthalpy change
DF(f) Measuring energy transferred in reactions
DF(g) Hess' law enthalpy cycles
DF(h) Catalysis terms
DF(i) How heterogeneous catalysts work
DF(j) Catalytic cracking
DF(k) Atmospheric pollutants from fuels
DF(l) Organic classification terms
DF(m) Naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and alcohols
DF(n) Combustion equations for organic compounds
DF(o) Addition reactions of alkenes
DF(o)(i) Bromine addition and testing for unsaturation
DF(o)(ii) Addition of hydrogen bromide
DF(o)(iii) Hydrogenation to alkanes
DF(o)(iv) Hydration to alcohols
DF(p) Addition polymers and their monomers
DF(q) Electrophilic addition mechanism and its evidence
DF(r) Full, shortened and skeletal formulae
DF(s) Structural isomerism
DF(t) E/Z and cis/trans isomerism
DF(t)(i) E/Z naming of isomers
DF(t)(ii) Cis/trans naming of isomers
DF(u) Fossil fuels, biofuels and hydrogen compared

ES Elements from the sea

ES(a) Atom economy
ES(b) Extracting halogens from seawater
ES(c) Electrolysis and electrode half-equations
ES(c)(i) Products at the anode
ES(c)(ii) Products at the cathode
ES(d) Redox as electron transfer
ES(d)(i) Half-equations for oxidation and reduction
ES(d)(ii) Oxidation and reduction as electron loss and gain
ES(d)(iii) Oxidising and reducing agents
ES(e) Oxidation states in redox reactions
ES(f) Balancing redox equations and iodine–thiosulfate titrations
ES(g) Naming inorganic compounds
ES(h) Physical properties of the halogens
ES(i) Relative reactivity of the halogens
ES(j) Halogen displacement reactions
ES(k) Silver halide precipitates and ammonia
ES(l) Preparing hydrogen halides
ES(m) Properties of hydrogen halides
ES(n) Chlorine: risks and uses
ES(o) Features of dynamic equilibrium
ES(p) The equilibrium constant Kc
ES(q) Kc, concentration, temperature and pressure

OZ The ozone story

OZ(a) Electronegativity and bond polarity
OZ(b) Instantaneous and permanent dipole bonds
OZ(c) Hydrogen bonding in water and ice
OZ(d) Boiling points and intermolecular bonds
OZ(e) Activation enthalpy and enthalpy profiles
OZ(f) Collision theory and factors affecting rate
OZ(g) Catalysts lowering activation enthalpy
OZ(h) Homogeneous catalysis and intermediates
OZ(i) Gas composition in percent and ppm
OZ(j) Haloalkanes and amines as homologous series
OZ(j)(i) Haloalkanes and their naming
OZ(j)(ii) Amines
OZ(k) Properties of haloalkanes
OZ(k)(i) Boiling points of haloalkanes
OZ(k)(ii) Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes
OZ(l) Substitution and nucleophiles
OZ(m) The SN2 mechanism
OZ(n) Haloalkane reactivity: bond enthalpy or polarity
OZ(o) Homolytic and heterolytic fission
OZ(p) Radicals and radical mechanisms
OZ(p)(i) Radical chain reaction steps
OZ(p)(ii) Radical halogenation of alkanes
OZ(p)(iii) Half curly arrows
OZ(q) Haloalkanes and ozone depletion
OZ(r) Ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere
OZ(r)(i) Ozone as a sunscreen against UV
OZ(r)(ii) Ozone pollution and photochemical smog
OZ(s) Radiation from the Earth and Sun
OZ(t) UV and visible light exciting electrons
OZ(u) Frequency, wavelength and energy calculations

PL Polymers and life

PL(a) Amino acids, proteins and paper chromatography
PL(a)(i) Amino acids, peptide links and proteins
PL(a)(ii) Paper chromatography
PL(b) Protein structure and intermolecular bonds
PL(c) Nucleic acids as condensation polymers of nucleotides
PL(c)(i) Phosphate–sugar backbone
PL(c)(ii) Bases joining the backbone
PL(c)(iii) The DNA double helix and base pairing
PL(d) Base pairing, replication and protein coding
PL(e) Molecular recognition in drug action
PL(e)(i) Pharmacophores
PL(e)(ii) Drug binding to receptor sites
PL(e)(iii) Three-dimensional interactions between species
PL(f) Enzyme rate and substrate concentration
PL(g) Characteristics of enzyme catalysis
PL(h) Acidity of carboxylic acids
PL(i) Amino acids as zwitterions
PL(j) Basicity of amines
PL(k) Naming organic families and nylons
PL(l) Primary and secondary amide groups
PL(m) Hydrolysis of esters and amides
PL(n) Acyl chlorides with amines and alcohols
PL(o) Addition and condensation polymerisation compared
PL(p) Condensation polymers and their monomers
PL(q) Optical isomerism and chirality
PL(q)(i) Drawing optical stereoisomers
PL(q)(ii) Chiral molecules and chiral centres
PL(q)(iii) Enantiomers
PL(r) Further interpretation of mass spectra
PL(r)(i) Molecular formula from a high-resolution M⁺ peak
PL(r)(ii) Fragment losses from peak differences
PL(s) Proton and carbon-13 NMR
PL(t) Combining spectroscopic techniques

O Oceans

O(a) Solubility in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents
O(b) Enthalpy of solution, lattice and hydration terms
O(b)(i) Enthalpy cycles for dissolving ionic solids
O(b)(ii) Calculations with dissolving enthalpy cycles
O(b)(iii) Measuring enthalpy changes in solution
O(c) Charge density, lattice and hydration enthalpies
O(d) Entropy and arrangements of energy quanta
O(e) Predicting entropy changes qualitatively
O(e)(i) Entropy of solids, liquids and gases
O(e)(ii) Gaseous particle numbers and entropy
O(f) Total entropy change and feasibility
O(g) Calculating system entropy change
O(h) Solubility products
O(i) Brønsted–Lowry theory
O(i)(i) Proton donors and acceptors
O(i)(ii) Identifying donors and acceptors in reactions
O(i)(iii) Conjugate acids and bases
O(j) Strong acids and strong bases
O(k) Weak acids, Kₐ and pKₐ
O(l) pH calculations
O(l)(i) pH of strong acids
O(l)(ii) pH of strong bases using Kw
O(l)(iii) pH of weak acids
O(m) Buffer solutions
O(m)(i) What a buffer is
O(m)(ii) How buffers work
O(m)(iii) Buffer calculations
O(n) The greenhouse effect
O(n)(i) Solar radiation reaching Earth
O(n)(ii) Earth radiating infrared
O(n)(iii) Greenhouse gases absorbing infrared
O(n)(iv) How absorbed infrared raises temperature
O(n)(v) Re-emission of infrared by greenhouse gases
O(n)(vi) The enhanced greenhouse effect

DM Developing metals

DM(a) Manganate(VII) and other titrations
DM(b) Coordination number and complex shapes
DM(c) Balancing redox equations with acid–base steps
DM(d) Simple electrochemical cells
DM(d)(i) Metal ion/metal half-cells
DM(d)(ii) Half-cells with inert electrodes
DM(d)(iii) Setting up electrochemical cells
DM(e) How an electrochemical cell works
DM(f) Standard electrode potentials and their uses
DM(f)(i) Calculating Ecell
DM(f)(ii) Predicting feasibility of redox reactions
DM(f)(iii) Rusting and its prevention
DM(g) Transition metals, iron and copper ions
DM(h) d-block configurations and variable oxidation states
DM(i) Ligands, complexes and ligand substitution
DM(j) Complex formation and polydentate ligands
DM(k) Iron and copper ions with hydroxide and ammonia
DM(l) Transition metals as catalysts
DM(m) Colour in transition metal complexes
DM(m)(i) Coloured transition metal ions
DM(m)(ii) d-orbital splitting and colour
DM(n) Colorimetry and spectrophotometry

CD Colour by design

CD(a) How dyes attach to fibres
CD(b) Dye structure and the chromophore
CD(b)(i) Groups modifying the chromophore
CD(b)(ii) Groups affecting dye solubility
CD(b)(iii) Groups bonding dyes to fibres
CD(c) Fats and oils as esters
CD(d) Arenes and delocalisation
CD(d)(i) Delocalised electrons in arenes
CD(d)(ii) Properties explained by delocalisation
CD(e) Representations of benzene
CD(e)(i) Shape of the benzene molecule
CD(e)(ii) Bonding in benzene and hydrogenation enthalpy
CD(f) Polyfunctional molecules and functional group tests
CD(g) Electrophilic substitution reactions of arenes
CD(g)(i) Halogenation of the benzene ring
CD(g)(ii) Nitration and its mechanism
CD(g)(iii) Sulfonation
CD(g)(iv) Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation
CD(h) Diazonium compounds and azo dyes
CD(i) Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
CD(i)(i) Oxidising aldehydes with dichromate
CD(i)(ii) Fehling's and Tollens' tests
CD(i)(iii) Cyanide addition to form cyanohydrins
CD(j) Planning synthetic routes
CD(k) Nucleophilic addition mechanism with cyanide
CD(l) Classifying organic reactions and mechanisms
CD(l)(i) Types of organic reaction
CD(l)(ii) Describing unfamiliar mechanisms
CD(m) Colour and UV absorption in organic molecules
CD(n) Gas–liquid chromatography
CD(n)(i) Sample injection into carrier gas
CD(n)(ii) The chromatography column
CD(n)(iii) Detecting emerging compounds
CD(n)(iv) Retention times

CL Chemical literacy

CL(a) Extracting and manipulating data
CL(b) Interpreting and using information
CL(c) Written communication of understanding

5d How Science Works (HSW)

HSW1 Theories and models to explain science
HSW2 Posing questions and presenting scientific arguments
HSW3 Methods, including ICT, to answer scientific questions
HSW4 Experimental work and risk management
HSW5 Analysing data, correlation and causation
HSW6 Evaluating methods, evidence and data
HSW7 How scientific knowledge develops over time
HSW8 Communicating science with correct terminology
HSW9 Applications, benefits and risks of science
HSW10 Ethical and environmental issues in science
HSW11 Scientific community and validating knowledge
HSW12 Science in society's decision making

5e Mathematical requirements

M0 Arithmetic and numerical computation
M0.0 Units in calculations
M0.1 Decimal and ordinary form
M0.2 Ratios, fractions and percentages
M0.3 Estimating results
M0.4 Powers, exponentials and logarithms on calculators
M1 Handling data
M1.1 Significant figures
M1.2 Arithmetic means
M1.3 Uncertainties in measurements and combined data
M2 Algebra
M2.1 Mathematical symbols
M2.2 Changing the subject of an equation
M2.3 Substituting values into equations
M2.4 Solving algebraic equations
M2.5 Logarithms for wide-ranging quantities
M3 Graphs
M3.1 Graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
M3.2 Plotting two variables from data
M3.3 Slope and intercept of a linear graph
M3.4 Rate of change from a linear graph
M3.5 Tangents to curves as rates of change
M4 Geometry and trigonometry
M4.1 Angles and shapes in 2-D and 3-D structures
M4.2 Representing 2-D and 3-D forms
M4.3 Symmetry of 2-D and 3-D shapes