Specification points
Edexcel A-level Geography 9GE0
525 points in 5 topics, with Edexcel's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·Edexcel command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from Edexcel's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Edexcel’s specification.
AoS1 Dynamic Landscapes
- 1 Tectonic Processes and Hazards
- 1.EQ1 Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards?
- 1.EQ1.1 Global distribution of tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ1.1a The global distribution and causes of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis
- 1.EQ1.1b Plate boundaries and plate movements
- 1.EQ1.1c Intra-plate earthquakes and hot spot volcanoes
- 1.EQ1.2 Theories of plate movement
- 1.EQ1.2a Plate tectonic theory and its key elements
- 1.EQ1.2b Processes at different plate margins
- 1.EQ1.2c Processes affecting eruption and earthquake magnitude
- 1.EQ1.3 Physical causes of tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ1.3a Earthquake waves and secondary hazards
- 1.EQ1.3b Volcanic hazards
- 1.EQ1.3c Causes of tsunamis
- 1.EQ2 Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?
- 1.EQ2.4 Hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster
- 1.EQ2.4a Hazard, disaster, vulnerability and resilience definitions
- 1.EQ2.4b The Pressure and Release model
- 1.EQ2.4c Social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ2.5 Tectonic hazard profiles
- 1.EQ2.5a Scales measuring tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ2.5b Comparing earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis
- 1.EQ2.5c Hazard profiles by level of development
- 1.EQ2.6 Development, governance and disaster impact
- 1.EQ2.6a Inequality, vulnerability and resilience
- 1.EQ2.6b Governance and geographical factors in disaster impact
- 1.EQ2.6c Contrasting hazard events and physical-human interaction
- 1.EQ3 How successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?
- 1.EQ3.7 Trends and patterns in tectonic disasters
- 1.EQ3.7a Tectonic disaster trends since 1960
- 1.EQ3.7b Tectonic mega-disasters
- 1.EQ3.7c Multiple-hazard zones
- 1.EQ3.8 Frameworks for predicting and managing tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ3.8a Prediction and forecasting of tectonic hazards
- 1.EQ3.8b The hazard management cycle
- 1.EQ3.8c Park's model of hazard response
- 1.EQ3.9 Mitigation and adaptation strategies
- 1.EQ3.9a Strategies to modify the event
- 1.EQ3.9b Strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience
- 1.EQ3.9c Strategies to modify loss
- 2 Landscape Systems, Processes and Change
- 2A Glaciated Landscapes and Change
- 2A.EQ1 How has climate change influenced the formation of glaciated landscapes over time?
- 2A.EQ1.1 Causes of climate change since the Pleistocene
- 2A.EQ1.1a Glacial and interglacial chronology
- 2A.EQ1.1b Factors causing climate change
- 2A.EQ1.2 Present and Pleistocene ice cover
- 2A.EQ1.2a The cryosphere and classification of ice masses
- 2A.EQ1.2b High latitude ice sheets past and present
- 2A.EQ1.2c Glaciated upland landscapes past and present
- 2A.EQ1.3 Periglacial landscapes
- 2A.EQ1.3a Distribution of periglacial landscapes and permafrost
- 2A.EQ1.3b Periglacial processes
- 2A.EQ1.3c Periglacial landforms
- 2A.EQ2 What processes operate within glacier systems?
- 2A.EQ2.4 Glacial mass balance
- 2A.EQ2.4a Accumulation, ablation and equilibrium
- 2A.EQ2.4b Processes of accumulation and ablation
- 2A.EQ2.4c Variations in accumulation and ablation rates
- 2A.EQ2.5 Glacial movement
- 2A.EQ2.5a Polar and temperate glaciers have different rates of movement
- 2A.EQ2.5b Processes of glacier movement
- 2A.EQ2.5c Factors controlling glacier movement
- 2A.EQ2.6 The glacier landform system
- 2A.EQ2.6a Glacial erosion, entrainment, transport and deposition
- 2A.EQ2.6b Scales of glacial landforms
- 2A.EQ2.6c Glaciated landscapes and former ice extent
- 2A.EQ3 Glacial processes forming landforms and landscapes
- 2A.EQ3.7 Glacial erosion landforms
- 2A.EQ3.7a Glacial erosional processes
- 2A.EQ3.7b Cirque and valley glacier landforms
- 2A.EQ3.7c Ice sheet scouring landforms
- 2A.EQ3.8 Glacial deposition landforms
- 2A.EQ3.8a Moraines and drumlins
- 2A.EQ3.8b The formation of lowland depositional features (till plains, lodgement and ablation till)
- 2A.EQ3.8c Reconstructing former ice extent
- 2A.EQ3.9 Glacial meltwater landforms
- 2A.EQ3.9a Water movement in the glacial system
- 2A.EQ3.9b Glacial and fluvioglacial deposits have different characteristics (stratification, sorting, imbrication and grading)
- 2A.EQ3.9c Fluvio-glacial landforms
- 2A.EQ4 How are glaciated landscapes used and managed today?
- 2A.EQ4.10 Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.10a Environmental and cultural value of glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.10b Economic value of glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.10c Biodiversity and natural systems of glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.11 Threats to glaciated upland landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.11a Natural hazards and human threats to glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.11b Human degradation of glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.11c Climate change impacts on glaciers
- 2A.EQ4.12 Managing threats to glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.12a Stakeholders managing glaciated landscapes
- 2A.EQ4.12b Legislative frameworks for landscape protection
- 2A.EQ4.12c Climate change and managing fragile landscapes
- 2B Coastal Landscapes and Change
- 2B.EQ1 Why are coastal landscapes different and what processes cause these differences?
- 2B.EQ1.1 The coast and littoral zone
- 2B.EQ1.1a Zones and types of coast
- 2B.EQ1.1b Classifying coasts
- 2B.EQ1.1c Rocky coasts
- 2B.EQ1.2 Geological structure and coastal landscapes
- 2B.EQ1.2a Geological structure is responsible for the formation of concordant and discordant coasts
- 2B.EQ1.2b Concordant and discordant coasts
- 2B.EQ1.2c Geological structure, morphology and erosion rates
- 2B.EQ1.3 Rates of coastal recession
- 2B.EQ1.3a Lithology and rates of recession
- 2B.EQ1.3b Differential erosion and cliff profiles
- 2B.EQ1.3c Vegetation stabilising coasts
- 2B.EQ2 How do characteristic coastal landforms contribute to coastal landscapes?
- 2B.EQ2.4 Marine erosion landforms
- 2B.EQ2.4a Wave types and beach morphology
- 2B.EQ2.4b Coastal erosion processes
- 2B.EQ2.4c Erosional coastal landforms
- 2B.EQ2.5 Coastal transport and deposition landforms
- 2B.EQ2.5a Sediment transport and longshore drift
- 2B.EQ2.5b Depositional coastal landforms
- 2B.EQ2.5c The sediment cell concept
- 2B.EQ2.6 Subaerial processes on coasts
- 2B.EQ2.6a Weathering on coasts
- 2B.EQ2.6b Mass movement on coasts
- 2B.EQ2.6c Mass movement landforms
- 2B.EQ3 Coastal erosion, sea level change and risk
- 2B.EQ3.7 Sea level change over different timescales
- 2B.EQ3.7a Eustatic and isostatic sea level change
- 2B.EQ3.7b Emergent and submergent coastlines
- 2B.EQ3.7c Contemporary sea level change
- 2B.EQ3.8 Rapid coastal retreat and threats to people
- 2B.EQ3.8a Causes of rapid coastal recession
- 2B.EQ3.8b Subaerial processes and recession rates
- 2B.EQ3.8c Factors affecting recession rates
- 2B.EQ3.9 Increasing coastal flood risk
- 2B.EQ3.9a Local factors in coastal flood risk
- 2B.EQ3.9b Storm surges and coastal flooding
- 2B.EQ3.9c Climate change and coastal flood risk
- 2B.EQ4 How can coastlines be managed to meet the needs of all players?
- 2B.EQ4.10 Consequences of coastal recession and flooding
- 2B.EQ4.10a Economic and social losses from coastal recession
- 2B.EQ4.10b Consequences of coastal flooding and storm surges
- 2B.EQ4.10c Climate change may create environmental refugees in coastal areas
- 2B.EQ4.11 Managing coastal recession and flooding
- 2B.EQ4.11a Hard engineering approaches
- 2B.EQ4.11b Soft engineering approaches
- 2B.EQ4.11c Sustainable coastal management
- 2B.EQ4.12 Integrated coastal zone management
- 2B.EQ4.12a Littoral cells in coastal management
- 2B.EQ4.12b Shoreline Management Policy decisions
- 2B.EQ4.12c Conflicts over coastal policy decisions
AoS2 Dynamic Places
- 3 Globalisation
- 3.EQ1 Causes and acceleration of globalisation
- 3.EQ1.1 Globalisation accelerated by transport and communications
- 3.EQ1.1a Global connections, interdependence and flows
- 3.EQ1.1b Developments in transport and trade
- 3.EQ1.1c ICT and global communication
- 3.EQ1.2 Political and economic decisions accelerating globalisation
- 3.EQ1.2a International organisations and globalisation
- 3.EQ1.2b National governments and free trade blocs
- 3.EQ1.2c Special economic zones and foreign investment
- 3.EQ1.3 Uneven effects of globalisation
- 3.EQ1.3a Measuring the degree of globalisation
- 3.EQ1.3b TNCs and globalisation
- 3.EQ1.3c Places detached from globalisation
- 3.EQ2 Impacts of globalisation on people, cultures and environment
- 3.EQ2.4 Winners and losers of the global shift
- 3.EQ2.4a Global shift of manufacturing and services to Asia
- 3.EQ2.4b Environmental problems in developing countries
- 3.EQ2.4c Deindustrialised regions in developed countries
- 3.EQ2.5 Increasing scale and pace of economic migration
- 3.EQ2.5a Rural-urban migration and megacity growth
- 3.EQ2.5b International migration to global hubs
- 3.EQ2.5c Costs and benefits of migration
- 3.EQ2.6 Emergence of a global culture
- 3.EQ2.6a Cultural diffusion
- 3.EQ2.6b Cultural erosion
- 3.EQ2.6c Opposition to globalisation
- 3.EQ3 Globalisation, development and responses to its challenges
- 3.EQ3.7 Globalisation and the development gap
- 3.EQ3.7a Measures of development
- 3.EQ3.7b Widening income inequality
- 3.EQ3.7c Contrasting development trends since 1970
- 3.EQ3.8 Tensions from rapid global change
- 3.EQ3.8a Open borders and migrant diasporas
- 3.EQ3.8b Controlling the spread of globalisation
- 3.EQ3.8c Retaining cultural identity and control of resources
- 3.EQ3.9 Localism and concern about consumer society
- 3.EQ3.9a Local sourcing and transition towns
- 3.EQ3.9b Fair trade and ethical consumption
- 3.EQ3.9c Recycling and ecological footprints
- 4 Shaping Places
- 4A Regenerating Places
- 4A.EQ1 How and why places vary
- 4A.EQ1.1 Classifying economies and variation between places
- 4A.EQ1.1a Classifying economic activity
- 4A.EQ1.1b Economic activity and social factors
- 4A.EQ1.1c Pay inequality and quality of life
- 4A.EQ1.2 Changing function and characteristics of places
- 4A.EQ1.2a Changes in function and demographics of places
- 4A.EQ1.2b Reasons for change in places
- 4A.EQ1.2c Measuring change in places
- 4A.EQ1.3 Connections shaping chosen places
- 4A.EQ1.3a Influences on the characteristics of places
- 4A.EQ1.3b Representations of chosen places
- 4A.EQ1.3c Continuity and change in people's lives
- 4A.EQ2 Why might regeneration be needed?
- 4A.EQ2.4 Inequalities and perceptions of an area
- 4A.EQ2.4a Successful regions
- 4A.EQ2.4b Economic restructuring and spirals of decline
- 4A.EQ2.4c Perceived need for regeneration
- 4A.EQ2.5 Lived experience of and engagement with places
- 4A.EQ2.5a Engagement in local communities
- 4A.EQ2.5b Lived experience and attachment to place
- 4A.EQ2.5c Community conflicts over regeneration
- 4A.EQ2.6 Evaluating the need for regeneration
- 4A.EQ2.6a Statistical evidence for regeneration need
- 4A.EQ2.6b Media evidence on regeneration need
- 4A.EQ2.6c Representations and perceived regeneration need
- 4A.EQ3 How is regeneration managed?
- 4A.EQ3.7 UK government policy and regeneration
- 4A.EQ3.7a Infrastructure investment and regeneration
- 4A.EQ3.7b Planning, housing and economic regeneration
- 4A.EQ3.7c Migration and capital market decisions
- 4A.EQ3.8 Local government attracting inward investment
- 4A.EQ3.8a Local plans and business environments
- 4A.EQ3.8b Local interest groups in regeneration decisions
- 4A.EQ3.8c Urban and rural regeneration strategies
- 4A.EQ3.9 Rebranding places
- 4A.EQ3.9a Re-imaging places through media
- 4A.EQ3.9b Rebranding deindustrialised cities
- 4A.EQ3.9c Rural rebranding strategies
- 4A.EQ4 How successful is regeneration?
- 4A.EQ4.10 Measures of regeneration success
- 4A.EQ4.10a Assessing economic regeneration
- 4A.EQ4.10b Measuring social progress
- 4A.EQ4.10c Improvements in the living environment
- 4A.EQ4.11 Judging urban regeneration success
- 4A.EQ4.11a Case study of urban regeneration strategies
- 4A.EQ4.11b Judging changes from urban strategies
- 4A.EQ4.11c Stakeholder views on urban regeneration success
- 4A.EQ4.12 Judging rural regeneration success
- 4A.EQ4.12a Case study of rural restructuring strategies
- 4A.EQ4.12b Judging changes from rural strategies
- 4A.EQ4.12c Stakeholder views on rural regeneration success
- 4B Diverse Places
- 4B.EQ1 How population structures vary
- 4B.EQ1.1 Variation in population structure
- 4B.EQ1.1a Uneven UK population growth
- 4B.EQ1.1b Population structure along the rural-urban continuum
- 4B.EQ1.1c Fertility, mortality and migration
- 4B.EQ1.2 Variation in population characteristics
- 4B.EQ1.2a Variation in gender and ethnicity within and between settlements
- 4B.EQ1.2b Explaining levels of cultural diversity
- 4B.EQ1.2c Demographic change and cultural characteristics
- 4B.EQ1.3 Connections shaping demographic and cultural characteristics
- 4B.EQ1.3a Influences on the characteristics of places
- 4B.EQ1.3b Representations of chosen places
- 4B.EQ1.3c Lives shaped by demographic and cultural change
- 4B.EQ2 How do different people view diverse living spaces?
- 4B.EQ2.4 Perceptions of urban places
- 4B.EQ2.4a Changing perceptions of urban places over time
- 4B.EQ2.4b Urban places perceived as undesirable
- 4B.EQ2.4c Perceptions of suburban and inner-city areas
- 4B.EQ2.5 Perceptions of rural places
- 4B.EQ2.5a The rural idyll
- 4B.EQ2.5b Rural places perceived as undesirable
- 4B.EQ2.5c Types of rural area
- 4B.EQ2.6 Evaluating how people view living spaces
- 4B.EQ2.6a Statistical evidence on image of a place
- 4B.EQ2.6b Media evidence on image of a place
- 4B.EQ2.6c Representations influencing perceptions of a place
- 4B.EQ3 Why are there demographic and cultural tensions in diverse places?
- 4B.EQ3.7 Increasing diversity in the UK
- 4B.EQ3.7a Internal migration and uneven UK patterns
- 4B.EQ3.7b International migration and UK culture
- 4B.EQ3.7c International migrants in rural areas
- 4B.EQ3.8 Segregation and its variation over time
- 4B.EQ3.8a Migrant segregation and economic indicators
- 4B.EQ3.8b Diverse urban living spaces
- 4B.EQ3.8c Changing experiences over generations
- 4B.EQ3.9 Tension and conflict from change in diverse places
- 4B.EQ3.9a Land use changes and their challenges
- 4B.EQ3.9b Tensions between long-term residents and newcomers
- 4B.EQ3.9c Hostility to changes in the built environment
- 4B.EQ4 How successfully are cultural and demographic issues managed?
- 4B.EQ4.10 Measuring management of cultural and demographic issues
- 4B.EQ4.10a Income and employment measures
- 4B.EQ4.10b Measuring social progress
- 4B.EQ4.10c Measuring cultural integration
- 4B.EQ4.11 Judging change in diverse urban communities
- 4B.EQ4.11a Case study of views of an urban living space
- 4B.EQ4.11b Judging changes in an urban living space
- 4B.EQ4.11c Stakeholder criteria for urban success
- 4B.EQ4.12 Judging change in diverse rural communities
- 4B.EQ4.12a Case study of views of a rural living space
- 4B.EQ4.12b Judging changes in a rural living space
- 4B.EQ4.12c Stakeholder criteria for rural success
AoS3 Physical Systems and Sustainability
- 5 The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity
- 5.EQ1 Processes in the hydrological cycle
- 5.EQ1.1 Importance of the global hydrological cycle
- 5.EQ1.1a The hydrological cycle as a closed system
- 5.EQ1.1b Global water stores
- 5.EQ1.1c The global water budget and residence times
- 5.EQ1.2 The drainage basin as an open system
- 5.EQ1.2a Inputs, flows and outputs of a drainage basin
- 5.EQ1.2b Physical factors in drainage basins
- 5.EQ1.2c Human disruption of the drainage basin cycle
- 5.EQ1.3 Local water budgets and river systems
- 5.EQ1.3a Water budgets
- 5.EQ1.3b River regimes
- 5.EQ1.3c Storm hydrographs
- 5.EQ2 What factors influence the hydrological system over short- and long-term timescales?
- 5.EQ2.4 Hydrological deficits and their impacts
- 5.EQ2.4a The courses of drought, both meteorological and hydrological
- 5.EQ2.4b The contribution human activity makes to the risk of drought
- 5.EQ2.4c Drought and ecosystems
- 5.EQ2.5 Hydrological surpluses and flooding
- 5.EQ2.5a Meteorological causes of flooding
- 5.EQ2.5b Human actions increasing flood risk
- 5.EQ2.5c Environmental and socio-economic impacts of flooding
- 5.EQ2.6 Climate change and the hydrological cycle
- 5.EQ2.6a Climate change, precipitation and evaporation
- 5.EQ2.6b Climate change, stores and flows
- 5.EQ2.6c ENSO, global warming and uncertainty
- 5.EQ3 Water insecurity as a global issue
- 5.EQ3.7 Physical and human causes of water insecurity
- 5.EQ3.7a Water stress and scarcity
- 5.EQ3.7b Causes of water insecurity
- 5.EQ3.7c Rising demand for water
- 5.EQ3.8 Consequences and risks of water insecurity
- 5.EQ3.8a Physical and economic water scarcity
- 5.EQ3.8b Water supply, development and wellbeing
- 5.EQ3.8c Conflicts over water
- 5.EQ3.9 Approaches to managing water supply
- 5.EQ3.9a Hard engineering water schemes
- 5.EQ3.9b Sustainable water schemes
- 5.EQ3.9c Integrated basin management and water treaties
- 6 The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security
- 6.EQ1 How does the carbon cycle operate to maintain planetary health?
- 6.EQ1.1 Terrestrial carbon stores and the slow carbon cycle
- 6.EQ1.1a Carbon stores and fluxes
- 6.EQ1.1b Geological carbon
- 6.EQ1.1c Chemical weathering and carbon
- 6.EQ1.2 Biological carbon sequestration
- 6.EQ1.2a Ocean carbon sequestration
- 6.EQ1.2b Terrestrial carbon sequestration
- 6.EQ1.2c Carbon in soils and decomposition
- 6.EQ1.3 A balanced carbon cycle and human alteration
- 6.EQ1.3a Atmospheric carbon and the greenhouse effect
- 6.EQ1.3b Photosynthesis, atmosphere and soil health
- 6.EQ1.3c Fossil fuel combustion and the carbon balance
- 6.EQ2 Consequences of increasing energy demand
- 6.EQ2.4 Energy security and fossil fuels
- 6.EQ2.4a Energy consumption and energy mix
- 6.EQ2.4b Factors affecting access to energy
- 6.EQ2.4c Energy players
- 6.EQ2.5 Reliance on fossil fuels for development
- 6.EQ2.5a Mismatch of fossil fuel supply and demand
- 6.EQ2.5b Energy pathways
- 6.EQ2.5c Unconventional fossil fuels
- 6.EQ2.6 Alternatives to fossil fuels
- 6.EQ2.6a Renewable and recyclable energy
- 6.EQ2.6b Biofuels
- 6.EQ2.6c Radical energy technologies
- 6.EQ3 Carbon and water cycles and the climate system
- 6.EQ3.7 Human threats to carbon and water cycles
- 6.EQ3.7a Land-use change and resource demand
- 6.EQ3.7b Ocean acidification
- 6.EQ3.7c Climate change and drought
- 6.EQ3.8 Degradation of water and carbon cycles and wellbeing
- 6.EQ3.8a Forest loss and protection
- 6.EQ3.8b Temperature, evaporation and precipitation
- 6.EQ3.8c Ocean health and human wellbeing
- 6.EQ3.9 Further warming and responses
- 6.EQ3.9a Uncertainty in future emissions and warming
- 6.EQ3.9b Adaptation strategies for climate change
- 6.EQ3.9c Mitigation to rebalance the carbon cycle
AoS4 Human Systems and Geopolitics
- 7 Superpowers
- 7.EQ1 What are superpowers and how have they changed over time?
- 7.EQ1.1 Characteristics of superpowers
- 7.EQ1.1a Defining superpowers, emerging and regional powers
- 7.EQ1.1b Hard and soft power
- 7.EQ1.1c Changing importance of power characteristics
- 7.EQ1.2 Uni-, bi- and multi-polar patterns of power
- 7.EQ1.2a Power in the imperial era
- 7.EQ1.2b Indirect control and neo-colonialism
- 7.EQ1.2c Different patterns of power bring varying degrees of geopolitical stability and risk
- 7.EQ1.3 Influence of emerging powers
- 7.EQ1.3a BRIC and G20 emerging powers
- 7.EQ1.3b Strengths and weaknesses of emerging powers
- 7.EQ1.3c Development theories and patterns of power
- 7.EQ2 Impacts of superpowers
- 7.EQ2.4 Superpowers and the global economic system
- 7.EQ2.4a Superpowers, IGOs and the global economy
- 7.EQ2.4b TNCs in the global economy
- 7.EQ2.4c Global cultural influence
- 7.EQ2.5 Superpowers in international decision making
- 7.EQ2.5a Superpowers in global action
- 7.EQ2.5b Military and economic alliances
- 7.EQ2.5c The UN and global governance
- 7.EQ2.6 Superpowers and environmental concerns
- 7.EQ2.6a Superpower resource demands and emissions
- 7.EQ2.6b Superpower willingness to cut emissions
- 7.EQ2.6c Middle-class consumption and resources
- 7.EQ3 Contested spheres of influence
- 7.EQ3.7 Contested global influence
- 7.EQ3.7a Disputes over physical resources
- 7.EQ3.7b Intellectual property and counterfeiting
- 7.EQ3.7c Contested territory and resources
- 7.EQ3.8 Developing nations and superpowers
- 7.EQ3.8a Emerging powers and the developing world
- 7.EQ3.8b Rising Asian influence
- 7.EQ3.8c Tensions in the Middle East
- 7.EQ3.9 Economic restructuring challenging superpowers
- 7.EQ3.9a Economic problems of superpowers
- 7.EQ3.9b Costs of military power and space exploration
- 7.EQ3.9c Future balance of global power
- 8 Global Development and Connections
- 8A Health, Human Rights and Intervention
- 8A.EQ1 Human development and its variation
- 8A.EQ1.1 Contested concepts of human development
- 8A.EQ1.1a GDP growth and human development
- 8A.EQ1.1b Alternative development goals
- 8A.EQ1.1c Education and development
- 8A.EQ1.2 Variations in health and life expectancy
- 8A.EQ1.2a Health and life expectancy in the developing world
- 8A.EQ1.2b Health and life expectancy in the developed world
- 8A.EQ1.2c Health variations within countries
- 8A.EQ1.3 Governments and IGOs defining development
- 8A.EQ1.3a Economic and social development
- 8A.EQ1.3b IGOs and neo-liberal development
- 8A.EQ1.3c Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals
- 8A.EQ2 Why do human rights vary from place to place?
- 8A.EQ2.4 Human rights in international law
- 8A.EQ2.4a Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 8A.EQ2.4b European Convention on Human Rights
- 8A.EQ2.4c The Geneva Convention
- 8A.EQ2.5 Differences in defining and protecting human rights
- 8A.EQ2.5a Human rights versus economic development priorities
- 8A.EQ2.5b Democratic freedom
- 8A.EQ2.5c Political corruption and human rights
- 8A.EQ2.6 Human rights variations within countries
- 8A.EQ2.6a Groups with fewer rights
- 8A.EQ2.6b Rights, health and education
- 8A.EQ2.6c Demands for equality
- 8A.EQ3 How are human rights used as arguments for political and military intervention?
- 8A.EQ3.7 Geopolitical interventions for human rights
- 8A.EQ3.7a Types of geopolitical intervention
- 8A.EQ3.7b Promoters of interventions
- 8A.EQ3.7c Human rights conditions on aid and trade
- 8A.EQ3.8 Development's effects on rights and welfare
- 8A.EQ3.8a Forms of development aid
- 8A.EQ3.8b Contested impact of development aid
- 8A.EQ3.8c Development harming minority groups
- 8A.EQ3.9 Military intervention and human rights
- 8A.EQ3.9a Strategic interests and military intervention
- 8A.EQ3.9b Military aid
- 8A.EQ3.9c Direct military intervention
- 8A.EQ4 Outcomes of geopolitical interventions
- 8A.EQ4.10 Measuring success of interventions
- 8A.EQ4.10a Variables measuring success
- 8A.EQ4.10b Democratic institutions as a measure
- 8A.EQ4.10c Economic growth as a measure
- 8A.EQ4.11 Mixed record of development aid
- 8A.EQ4.11a Aid, development, health and rights
- 8A.EQ4.11b Aid and economic inequality
- 8A.EQ4.11c Aid as foreign policy
- 8A.EQ4.12 Mixed record of military interventions
- 8A.EQ4.12a Costs of military interventions
- 8A.EQ4.12b Non-military interventions
- 8A.EQ4.12c Consequences of lack of action
- 8B Migration, Identity and Sovereignty
- 8B.EQ1 What are the impacts of globalisation on international migration?
- 8B.EQ1.1 Globalisation and increased migration
- 8B.EQ1.1a Globalisation and demand for labour
- 8B.EQ1.1b Proportion of people living abroad
- 8B.EQ1.1c Changing patterns of international migration
- 8B.EQ1.2 Causes of migration
- 8B.EQ1.2a Reasons people migrate
- 8B.EQ1.2b Economic theory and free movement of labour
- 8B.EQ1.2c Unrestricted movement of labour within states
- 8B.EQ1.3 Consequences of international migration
- 8B.EQ1.3a Migration and cultural composition of nations
- 8B.EQ1.3b Migration and political tensions
- 8B.EQ1.3c Variations in ability to migrate
- 8B.EQ2 Definition and evolution of nation states
- 8B.EQ2.4 Varied nation states and their histories
- 8B.EQ2.4a Ethnic, cultural and linguistic unity of states
- 8B.EQ2.4b Origins of national borders
- 8B.EQ2.4c Contested borders and unrecognised states
- 8B.EQ2.5 Nationalism and the modern world
- 8B.EQ2.5a 19th-century nationalism and empires
- 8B.EQ2.5b New nation states since 1945
- 8B.EQ2.5c Migration between former colonies and imperial cores
- 8B.EQ2.6 Deregulated capital markets and new state forms
- 8B.EQ2.6a Low-tax regimes and tax havens
- 8B.EQ2.6b Acceptance of tax havens
- 8B.EQ2.6c Global inequality as a threat to the economic system
- 8B.EQ3 Global organisations managing issues and conflicts
- 8B.EQ3.7 Global organisations since 1945
- 8B.EQ3.7a The United Nations in global governance
- 8B.EQ3.7b UN sanctions and military intervention
- 8B.EQ3.7c Interventions outside the UN
- 8B.EQ3.8 IGOs controlling world trade and finance
- 8B.EQ3.8a The IMF, World Bank and WTO
- 8B.EQ3.8b Effects of global borrowing and trade rules
- 8B.EQ3.8c Membership of trade and financial IGOs
- 8B.EQ3.9 IGOs managing environmental problems
- 8B.EQ3.9a Global atmosphere and biosphere agreements
- 8B.EQ3.9b Managing oceans and international rivers
- 8B.EQ3.9c IGO management of Antarctica
- 8B.EQ4 What are the threats to national sovereignty in a more globalised world?
- 8B.EQ4.10 Contested national identity
- 8B.EQ4.10a Reinforcing nationalism
- 8B.EQ4.10b Foundations of national identity and loyalty
- 8B.EQ4.10c Multi-national states and identity
- 8B.EQ4.11 Challenges to national identity
- 8B.EQ4.11a Foreign ownership of UK companies
- 8B.EQ4.11b Westernisation and US cultural values
- 8B.EQ4.11c Non-national ownership of property and businesses
- 8B.EQ4.12 Consequences of disunity within nations
- 8B.EQ4.12a Nationalist independence movements
- 8B.EQ4.12b Political tensions in emerging nations
- 8B.EQ4.12c Weak national identity in fragile states