Specification points
College Board AP European History european-history
200 points in 9 topics, with College Board's codes and titles.
Codes and titles are read by a script from College Board's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: College Board’s specification.
1 Renaissance and Exploration
- 1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery
- 1.1.A Context of the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
- 1.2 Italian Renaissance
- 1.2.B Revival of classical texts and the Italian Renaissance
- 1.2.C Political, intellectual and cultural effects of the Italian Renaissance
- 1.3 Northern Renaissance
- 1.3.D How Renaissance ideas changed as they spread north
- 1.4 Printing
- 1.4.E Influence of the printing press
- 1.5 New Monarchies
- 1.5.F Development of political institutions, 1450-1648
- 1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration
- 1.6.G Technology that enabled European exploration, 1450-1648
- 1.6.H Motives for and effects of European exploration, 1450-1648
- 1.7 Rivals on the World Stage
- 1.7.I Trade networks, colonial expansion and relations between states
- 1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange
- 1.8.J Economic impact of colonial expansion and trade networks
- 1.8.K Social and cultural impact of colonial expansion and trade
- 1.9 The Slave Trade
- 1.9.L Causes and development of the slave trade
- 1.10 The Commercial Revolution
- 1.10.M Commercial and agricultural change: economic effects, 1450-1648
- 1.10.N Commercial and agricultural change: social effects, 1450-1648
- 1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
- 1.11.O Causes and consequences of the Renaissance and Age of Discovery
2 Age of Reformation
- 2.1 Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments
- 2.1.A Context of 16th- and 17th-century religious and political change
- 2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation
- 2.2.B How and why religious belief and practice changed, 1450-1648
- 2.3 Protestant Reform Continues
- 2.3.B How and why religious belief and practice changed, 1450-1648
- 2.4 Wars of Religion
- 2.4.C Religion and politics, 1450-1648
- 2.5 The Catholic Reformation
- 2.5.D The Catholic Church's role, 1450-1648
- 2.6 16th-Century Society and Politics
- 2.6.E Economic and intellectual change and social hierarchies, 1450-1648
- 2.7 Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art
- 2.7.F How and why artistic expression changed, 1450-1648
- 2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion
- 2.8.G Effects of 16th- and 17th-century developments on European society
3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism
- 3.1 Contextualizing State Building
- 3.1.A Context of new forms of political power, 1648-1815
- 3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
- 3.2.B Causes and consequences of the English Civil War
- 3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development
- 3.3.C Commercial and economic continuity and change, 1648-1815
- 3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism
- 3.4.C Commercial and economic continuity and change, 1648-1815
- 3.5 The Dutch Golden Age
- 3.5.D Development of the Dutch Republic
- 3.6 Balance of Power
- 3.6.E Maintaining the balance of power, 1648-1815
- 3.6.F Technology and the balance of power, 1648-1815
- 3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power
- 3.7.G Effects of absolutism, 1648-1815
- 3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism
- 3.8.H Comparing forms of political power, 1648-1815
4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
- 4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
- 4.1.A Context of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
- 4.2 The Scientific Revolution
- 4.2.B Changing understanding of the natural world
- 4.3 The Enlightenment
- 4.3.C Causes and consequences of Enlightenment thought, 1648-1815
- 4.3.D Enlightenment thought and intellectual development, 1648-1815
- 4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics
- 4.4.E Causes and consequences of demographic change, 1648-1815
- 4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts
- 4.5.F Continuity and change in cultural and intellectual life, 1648-1815
- 4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power
- 4.6.G Enlightenment thought and forms of political power, 1648-1815
- 4.6.H Developments for and against a unified Europe, 1648-1815
- 4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
- 4.7.I How the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged the old order
5 Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
- 5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States
- 5.1.A Context of crisis and conflict among European states, 1648-1815
- 5.2 The Rise of Global Markets
- 5.2.B Causes and consequences of maritime competition, 1648-1815
- 5.3 Britain’s Ascendency
- 5.3.C Consequences of the Britain-France rivalry, 1648-1815
- 5.4 The French Revolution
- 5.4.D Causes, events and consequences of the French Revolution
- 5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects
- 5.5.E The French Revolution's influence on political and social ideas
- 5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat
- 5.6.F Effects of Napoleon's rule on European life
- 5.6.G Nationalist responses to Napoleon's rule
- 5.7 The Congress of Vienna
- 5.7.H How states responded to Napoleonic rule, and the consequences
- 5.8 Romanticism
- 5.8.I Romanticism and religious revival as challenges to the Enlightenment
- 5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States
- 5.9.J Challenges to the political order and resulting change, 1648-1815
6 Industrialization and Its Effects, c. 1815 to c. 1914
- 6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects
- 6.1.A Context of the origins and spread of industrialisation
- 6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
- 6.2.B Factors in European industrialisation, 1815-1914
- 6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects
- 6.3.C Industrial technology and economic and social change
- 6.3.D Industrialisation and economic and political development, 1815-1914
- 6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization
- 6.4.E Social developments resulting from industrialisation
- 6.5 The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism
- 6.5.F Maintaining and challenging the political order, 1815-1914
- 6.6 Reactions and Revolutions
- 6.6.G Groups reacting against the existing order, 1815-1914
- 6.7 Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements
- 6.7.H Intellectual challenges to the political and social order, 1815-1914
- 6.8 19th-Century Social Reform
- 6.8.I Movements for social reform, 1815-1914
- 6.9 Institutional Responses and Reform
- 6.9.J How governments responded to the challenges of industrialisation
- 6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization
- 6.10.K Influence of innovation and technology, 1815-1914
7 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments, c. 1815 to c. 1914
- 7.1 Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
- 7.1.A Context of nationalism and imperialism, 1815-1914
- 7.2 Nationalism
- 7.2.B Spread of nationalism and its effects, 1815-1914
- 7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions
- 7.3.C Italian and German unification
- 7.3.D Nationalism, alliances and tension between powers, 1815-1914
- 7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism
- 7.4.E Influence of Darwin's theories, 1815-1914
- 7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity
- 7.5.F Change in science and other disciplines, 1815-1914
- 7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods
- 7.6.G Motives for European imperialism, 1815-1914
- 7.6.H Technology that enabled European imperialism, 1815-1914
- 7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects
- 7.7.I Effects of imperialism on European and non-European societies
- 7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts
- 7.8.J Continuity and change in artistic expression, 1815-1914
- 7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
- 7.9.K Nationalism, imperialism and European and global stability
8 20th-Century Global Conflicts, c. 1914 to present
- 8.1 Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts
- 8.1.A Context of 20th-century global conflict
- 8.2 World War I
- 8.2.B Causes and effects of World War I
- 8.2.C New technology and the conduct of World War I
- 8.2.D World War I and changing diplomatic relations
- 8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects
- 8.3.E Causes and effects of the Russian Revolution
- 8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement
- 8.4.F Why the World War I settlement failed
- 8.5 Global Economic Crisis
- 8.5.G Causes and effects of the global economic crisis, 1920s-30s
- 8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism
- 8.6.H Rise of fascist and totalitarian regimes after World War I
- 8.6.I Consequences of Stalin's economic policies and totalitarian rule
- 8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period
- 8.7.J Political and ideological causes of World War II
- 8.8 World War II
- 8.8.K Technology, innovation and the course of World War II
- 8.9 The Holocaust
- 8.9.L War, totalitarianism and cultural and national identity since 1914
- 8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments
- 8.10.M Early 20th-century challenges to social and intellectual understanding
- 8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict
- 8.11.N Economic crisis, ideology and the individual and the state
9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe
- 9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe
- 9.1.A Context of the Cold War in Europe
- 9.2 Rebuilding Europe
- 9.2.B Post-war economic developments and resulting change
- 9.3 The Cold War
- 9.3.C Causes, events and effects of the Cold War
- 9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge
- 9.4.D Economic and political consequences of the Cold War for Europe
- 9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities
- 9.5.E Causes and effects of mass atrocities since World War II
- 9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies
- 9.6.F State-based economic developments after World War II
- 9.7 The Fall of Communism
- 9.7.G Causes and effects of the end of the Cold War
- 9.8 20th-Century Feminism
- 9.8.H Women's roles and status in the 20th and 21st centuries
- 9.9 Decolonization
- 9.9.I Colonial independence movements in the 20th and 21st centuries
- 9.10 The European Union
- 9.10.J The European Union and economic development
- 9.10.K The European Union and national and European identity
- 9.11 Migration and Immigration
- 9.11.L Causes and effects of migration to and within Europe since 1945
- 9.12 Technology
- 9.12.M Technology and cultural and intellectual change since 1914
- 9.13 Globalization
- 9.13.N Causes and consequences of European globalisation since 1914
- 9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends
- 9.14.O How and why European culture changed after World War II
- 9.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries
- 9.15.P 20th-century challenges and what it means to be European