Specification points
College Board AP Chemistry chemistry
192 points in 9 topics, with College Board's codes and titles.
Codes and titles are read by a script from College Board's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: College Board’s specification.
1 Atomic Structure and Properties
- 1.1 Moles and Molar Mass
- 1.1.A Moles and dimensional analysis
- 1.2 Mass Spectra of Elements
- 1.2.A Mass spectra and isotopes
- 1.3 Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
- 1.3.A Empirical formulae from composition
- 1.4 Composition of Mixtures
- 1.4.A Composition of mixtures
- 1.5 Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
- 1.5.A Ground-state electron configurations
- 1.6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- 1.6.A Photoelectron spectroscopy
- 1.7 Periodic Trends
- 1.7.A Periodic trends in atomic properties
- 1.8 Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds
- 1.8.A Periodicity and reactivity
2 Compound Structure and Properties
- 2.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
- 2.1.A Bond type and element properties
- 2.2 Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy
- 2.2.A Potential energy and interatomic distance
- 2.3 Structure of Ionic Solids
- 2.3.A Models of ionic solids
- 2.4 Structure of Metals and Alloys
- 2.4.A Models of metals and alloys
- 2.5 Lewis Diagrams
- 2.5.A Lewis diagrams
- 2.6 Resonance and Formal Charge
- 2.6.A Resonance and formal charge
- 2.7 VSEPR and Hybridization
- 2.7.A VSEPR, bond order and molecular structure
3 Properties of Substances and Mixtures
- 3.1 Intermolecular and Interparticle Forces
- 3.1.A Structure and intermolecular forces
- 3.2 Properties of Solids
- 3.2.A Properties of solids and their structure
- 3.3 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- 3.3.A Particulate models of phases
- 3.4 Ideal Gas Law
- 3.4.A The ideal gas law
- 3.5 Kinetic Molecular Theory
- 3.5.A Kinetic molecular theory
- 3.6 Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
- 3.6.A Non-ideal gas behaviour
- 3.7 Solutions and Mixtures
- 3.7.A Solution concentration and molarity
- 3.8 Representations of Solutions
- 3.8.A Particulate models of mixtures
- 3.9 Separation of Solutions and Mixtures
- 3.9.A Separation by intermolecular interactions
- 3.10 Solubility
- 3.10.A Solubility and intermolecular interactions
- 3.11 Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 3.11.A Spectroscopy and the electromagnetic spectrum
- 3.12 Properties of Photons
- 3.12.A Photons and electronic transitions
- 3.13 Beer-Lambert Law
- 3.13.A The Beer–Lambert law
4 Chemical Reactions
- 4.1 Introduction for Reactions
- 4.1.A Evidence of chemical and physical change
- 4.2 Net Ionic Equations
- 4.2.A Balanced and net ionic equations
- 4.3 Representations of Reactions
- 4.3.A Particulate models of reactions
- 4.4 Physical and Chemical Changes
- 4.4.A Bond interactions in chemical and physical processes
- 4.5 Stoichiometry
- 4.5.A Stoichiometry
- 4.6 Introduction to Titration
- 4.6.A Titration equivalence points
- 4.7 Types of Chemical Reactions
- 4.7.A Types of chemical reaction
- 4.8 Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
- 4.8.A Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases
- 4.9 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
- 4.9.A Balancing redox equations with half-reactions
5 Kinetics
- 5.1 Reaction Rates
- 5.1.A Reaction rates and experimental conditions
- 5.2 Introduction to Rate Law
- 5.2.A Rate laws from experimental data
- 5.3 Concentration Changes Over Time
- 5.3.A Rate laws from concentration over time
- 5.4 Elementary Reactions
- 5.4.A Rate laws of elementary reactions
- 5.5 Collision Model
- 5.5.A Collision theory
- 5.6 Reaction Energy Profile
- 5.6.A Energy profiles of elementary reactions
- 5.7 Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms
- 5.7.A Components of reaction mechanisms
- 5.8 Reaction Mechanism and Rate Law
- 5.8.A Rate laws with a rate-limiting first step
- 5.9 Pre-Equilibrium Approximation
- 5.9.A Rate laws without a rate-limiting first step
- 5.10 Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
- 5.10.A Energy profiles of multistep reactions
- 5.11 Catalysis
- 5.11.A Catalysts and reaction mechanisms
6 Thermochemistry
- 6.1 Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
- 6.1.A Observations and energy changes
- 6.2 Energy Diagrams
- 6.2.A Energy diagrams
- 6.3 Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
- 6.3.A Heat transfer and molecular collisions
- 6.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
- 6.4.A Heat and heat capacity
- 6.5 Energy of Phase Changes
- 6.5.A Energy of phase changes
- 6.6 Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction
- 6.6.A Heat of reaction
- 6.7 Bond Enthalpies
- 6.7.A Enthalpy from bond energies
- 6.8 Enthalpy of Formation
- 6.8.A Enthalpy from standard enthalpies of formation
- 6.9 Hess’s Law
- 6.9.A Processes as sequences of steps
- 6.9.B Hess’s law
7 Equilibrium
- 7.1 Introduction to Equilibrium
- 7.1.A Reversible processes and equilibrium
- 7.2 Direction of Reversible Reactions
- 7.2.A Forward and reverse reaction rates
- 7.3 Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
- 7.3.A Reaction quotients and equilibrium expressions
- 7.4 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
- 7.4.A Calculating equilibrium constants
- 7.5 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
- 7.5.A Magnitude of K and equilibrium concentrations
- 7.6 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
- 7.6.A Equilibrium constants for multistep processes
- 7.7 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
- 7.7.A Equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions
- 7.8 Representations of Equilibrium
- 7.8.A Particulate models of equilibrium
- 7.9 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle
- 7.9.A Le Châtelier’s principle
- 7.10 Reaction Quotient and Le Châtelier’s Principle
- 7.10.A Q, K and the direction of reaction
- 7.11 Introduction to Solubility Equilibria
- 7.11.A Solubility from Kₛₚ
- 7.12 Common-Ion Effect
- 7.12.A The common ion effect
8 Acids and Bases
- 8.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
- 8.1.A pH and pOH of pure water
- 8.2 pH and pOH of Strong Acids and Bases
- 8.2.A pH of strong acids and bases
- 8.3 Weak Acid and Base Equilibria
- 8.3.A Weak acid and base equilibria
- 8.4 Acid-Base Reactions and Buffers
- 8.4.A Mixtures of weak and strong acids and bases
- 8.5 Acid-Base Titrations
- 8.5.A Acid–base titrations
- 8.6 Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases
- 8.6.A Molecular structure and acid–base strength
- 8.7 pH and pKₐ
- 8.7.A pH, pKₐ and predominant forms
- 8.8 Properties of Buffers
- 8.8.A How buffers resist pH change
- 8.9 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- 8.9.A pH of buffer solutions
- 8.10 Buffer Capacity
- 8.10.A Buffer capacity
- 8.11 pH and Solubility
- 8.11.A pH and solubility
9 Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry
- 9.1 Introduction to Entropy
- 9.1.A Sign and size of entropy changes
- 9.2 Absolute Entropy and Entropy Change
- 9.2.A Standard entropy change
- 9.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
- 9.3.A Gibbs free energy and thermodynamic favourability
- 9.4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
- 9.4.A Kinetic control of favoured reactions
- 9.5 Free Energy and Equilibrium
- 9.5.A K, ΔG° and temperature
- 9.6 Free Energy of Dissolution
- 9.6.A Enthalpy and entropy of dissolution
- 9.7 Coupled Reactions
- 9.7.A Driving unfavourable processes
- 9.8 Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
- 9.8.A Electrochemical cells
- 9.9 Cell Potential and Free Energy
- 9.9.A Standard cell potential and favourability
- 9.10 Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
- 9.10.A Cell potential under non-standard conditions
- 9.11 Electrolysis and Faraday’s Law
- 9.11.A Electrolysis and charge flow