Specification points
College Board AP Biology biology
165 points in 8 topics, with College Board's codes and titles.
Codes and titles are read by a script from College Board's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: College Board’s specification.
1 Chemistry of Life
- 1.1 Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
- 1.1.A Properties of water from polarity and hydrogen bonding
- 1.2 Elements of Life
- 1.2.A Composition of macromolecules
- 1.3 Introduction to Macromolecules
- 1.3.A Building and breaking macromolecules
- 1.4 Carbohydrates
- 1.4.A Carbohydrates
- 1.5 Lipids
- 1.5.A Lipids
- 1.6 Nucleic Acids
- 1.6.A DNA and RNA
- 1.7 Proteins
- 1.7.A Proteins
2 Cells
- 2.1 Cell Structure and Function
- 2.1.A Organelles and cell function
- 2.2 Cell Size
- 2.2.A Surface area-to-volume ratio and exchange
- 2.3 Plasma Membrane
- 2.3.A Components of the cell membrane
- 2.3.B The fluid mosaic model
- 2.4 Membrane Permeability
- 2.4.A Membrane structure and selective permeability
- 2.4.B The cell wall
- 2.5 Membrane Transport
- 2.5.A Solute and water balance
- 2.5.B Transporting large molecules
- 2.6 Facilitated Diffusion
- 2.6.A Molecular structure and membrane passage
- 2.7 Tonicity and Osmoregulation
- 2.7.A Concentration gradients and membrane transport
- 2.7.B Osmoregulation
- 2.8 Mechanisms of Transport
- 2.8.A Ion and molecule transport across membranes
- 2.9 Cell Compartmentalization
- 2.9.A Membrane-bound structures of eukaryotic cells
- 2.9.B Compartmentalisation of cell functions
- 2.10 Origins of Cell Compartmentalization
- 2.10.A Compartmentalisation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3 Cellular Energetics
- 3.1 Enzymes
- 3.1.A Enzymes and reaction rate
- 3.2 Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function
- 3.2.A Enzyme structure and function
- 3.2.B Cellular environment and enzyme activity
- 3.3 Cellular Energy
- 3.3.A Energy in living organisms
- 3.3.B Shared processes as evidence of common ancestry
- 3.4 Photosynthesis
- 3.4.A Photosynthesis and the chloroplast
- 3.4.B Capturing light energy for storage
- 3.5 Cellular Respiration
- 3.5.A Respiration and the mitochondrion
- 3.5.B Releasing energy from macromolecules
4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
- 4.1 Cell Communication
- 4.1.A Ways cells communicate
- 4.1.B Short- and long-distance cell signalling
- 4.2 Introduction to Signal Transduction
- 4.2.A Components of signal transduction pathways
- 4.2.B Signal transduction and cellular response
- 4.3 Signal Transduction Pathways
- 4.3.A Types of cellular response
- 4.3.B Changes to signalling molecules
- 4.4 Feedback
- 4.4.A Feedback and homeostasis
- 4.5 Cell Cycle
- 4.5.A The cell cycle
- 4.5.B Mitosis and chromosome transmission
- 4.6 Regulation of Cell Cycle
- 4.6.A Cell cycle checkpoints
- 4.6.B Disruptions to the cell cycle
5 Heredity
- 5.1 Meiosis
- 5.1.A Meiosis and chromosome transmission
- 5.1.B Comparing mitosis and meiosis
- 5.2 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
- 5.2.A Meiosis and genetic diversity
- 5.3 Mendelian Genetics
- 5.3.A Mendel’s laws
- 5.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics
- 5.4.A Non-Mendelian inheritance
- 5.5 Environmental Effects on Phenotype
- 5.5.A Environmental effects on phenotype
6 Gene Expression and Regulation
- 6.1 DNA and RNA Structure
- 6.1.A Structures carrying hereditary information
- 6.1.B DNA as hereditary material
- 6.2 DNA Replication
- 6.2.A DNA replication
- 6.3 Transcription and RNA Processing
- 6.3.A Transcription and translation
- 6.4 Translation
- 6.4.A Genotype and phenotype
- 6.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
- 6.5.A Regulation of gene expression
- 6.5.B Regulatory sequences
- 6.6 Gene Expression and Cell Specialization
- 6.6.A Transcription factors and gene expression
- 6.6.B Gene regulation and cell differences
- 6.7 Mutations
- 6.7.A Types of mutation
- 6.7.B Mutations and phenotype
- 6.7.C Mutation, variation and natural selection
- 6.8 Biotechnology
- 6.8.A Genetic engineering techniques
7 Natural Selection
- 7.1 Introduction to Natural Selection
- 7.1.A Causes of natural selection
- 7.1.B Natural selection in populations
- 7.2 Natural Selection
- 7.2.A Phenotypic variation
- 7.2.B Molecular variation and fitness
- 7.3 Artificial Selection
- 7.3.A Human effects on population diversity
- 7.4 Population Genetics
- 7.4.A Random events and population genetics
- 7.4.B Random processes in evolution
- 7.4.C Genetic change in populations over time
- 7.5 Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
- 7.5.A Hardy–Weinberg conditions
- 7.6 Evidence of Evolution
- 7.6.A Types of evidence for evolution
- 7.6.B Morphological, biochemical and geological evidence
- 7.7 Common Ancestry
- 7.7.A Cellular evidence of common ancestry
- 7.8 Continuing Evolution
- 7.8.A Ongoing evolution
- 7.9 Phylogeny
- 7.9.A Evidence for evolutionary relationships
- 7.9.B Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
- 7.10 Speciation
- 7.10.A Conditions for new species
- 7.10.B Rates of evolution and speciation
- 7.10.C Mechanisms of speciation
- 7.11 Variations in Populations
- 7.11.A Genetic diversity and resilience
- 7.12 Origins of Life on Earth
- 7.12.A Origin of life on Earth
8 Ecology
- 8.1 Responses to the Environment
- 8.1.A Responses to environmental change
- 8.1.B Behaviour and fitness
- 8.2 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
- 8.2.A Acquiring and using energy
- 8.2.B Energy flow and matter cycling
- 8.2.C Energy availability and ecosystems
- 8.2.D Autotrophs, heterotrophs and energy flow
- 8.3 Population Ecology
- 8.3.A Population growth dynamics
- 8.4 Effect of Density on Populations
- 8.4.A Population density and resources
- 8.5 Community Ecology
- 8.5.A Community structure and diversity
- 8.5.B Interactions shaping communities
- 8.6 Biodiversity
- 8.6.A Biodiversity and ecosystem resilience
- 8.6.B Adding or removing ecosystem components
- 8.7 Disruptions in Ecosystems
- 8.7.A Environment and variation in populations
- 8.7.B Invasive species
- 8.7.C Human activity and ecosystems
- 8.7.D Geological and weather events and ecosystems