Specification points
Cambridge Cambridge O Level Science - Combined 5129
439 points in 27 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.
1 Cells
- 1.1 Cell structure and function
- 1.1.1 Structures of an animal cell
- 1.1.2 Structures of a plant cell
- 1.1.3 Functions of cell structures
- 1.1.4 Specialised cells
- 1.2 Movement into and out of cells
- 1.2.1 Water as a solvent
- 1.2.2 Diffusion
- 1.2.3 Factors affecting rate of diffusion
- 1.2.4 Osmosis and water potential
- 1.2.5 Effects of osmosis on tissues
- 1.2.6 Solutions and plant tissues
2 Enzymes
3 Plant nutrition and transport
- 3.1 Photosynthesis
- 3.1.1 Photosynthesis
- 3.1.2 Photosynthesis equations
- 3.1.3 Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
- 3.1.4 Chlorophyll and energy transfer
- 3.1.5 Uses and storage of photosynthesis products
- 3.1.6 Light intensity and photosynthesis
- 3.2 Leaf structure
- 3.2.1 Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis
- 3.2.2 Leaf structure and adaptations
- 3.3 Transport in flowering plants
- 3.3.1 Root hair cells
- 3.3.2 Nitrate and magnesium ions
- 3.3.3 Pathway of water through a plant
- 3.3.4 Transpiration
- 3.3.5 Translocation
4 Human nutrition
- 4.1 Diet
- 4.1.1 Elements in biological molecules
- 4.1.2 Large molecules from smaller units
- 4.1.3 Food tests
- 4.1.4 Nutrients and their sources
- 4.1.5 Balanced diet
- 4.1.6 Type 2 diabetes
- 4.2 Human digestive system
- 4.2.1 Regions of the digestive system
- 4.2.2 Why food must be digested
- 4.2.3 Physical digestion
- 4.2.4 Physical digestion and surface area
- 4.2.5 Chemical digestion
- 4.2.6 Functions of digestive regions
- 4.2.7 Digestive enzymes
- 4.2.8 Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
- 4.2.9 Proteases and pH
- 4.3 Absorption and assimilation
- 4.3.1 Absorption in the small intestine
- 4.3.2 Absorption
- 4.3.3 Assimilation
- 4.3.4 Villi
- 4.3.5 Water absorption
- 4.3.6 Hepatic portal vein
5 Human gas exchange
6 Respiration
7 Transport in humans
- 7.1 Circulatory system
- 7.1.1 Circulatory system
- 7.1.2 Structure of the mammalian heart
- 7.1.3 Thickness of heart chamber walls
- 7.1.4 How the heart functions
- 7.1.5 Physical activity and heart rate
- 7.1.6 Coronary heart disease and risk factors
- 7.1.7 Diet and exercise in reducing heart disease
- 7.2 Blood vessels
- 7.2.1 Main blood vessels
- 7.2.2 Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries
- 7.2.3 Blood vessel structure and pressure
- 7.3 Blood
- 7.3.1 Identifying blood cells
- 7.3.2 Functions of blood components
8 Drugs and their effects
9 Coordination and control
10 Development of organisms and continuity of life
- 10.1 Nuclear division
- 10.1.1 Chromosomes, DNA and genes
- 10.1.2 Genes
- 10.1.3 Diploid nucleus
- 10.1.4 Mitosis
- 10.1.5 Roles of mitosis
- 10.1.6 Meiosis and gametes
- 10.1.7 Meiosis
- 10.2 Sexual reproduction in humans
- 10.2.1 Male reproductive system
- 10.2.2 Female reproductive system
- 10.2.3 Comparing male and female gametes
- 10.2.4 Fertilisation
- 10.2.5 The menstrual cycle
- 10.2.6 Transmission of HIV
- 10.2.7 HIV and AIDS
- 10.2.8 Controlling HIV
11 Biotechnology and genetic modification
12 Relationships of organisms with one another and with the environment
- 12.1 Nutrient cycles and energy flow
- 12.1.1 The Sun as energy source
- 12.1.2 Dependence on photosynthesis
- 12.1.3 Energy flow through food chains
- 12.1.4 Energy efficiency of eating crops versus livestock
- 12.1.5 Population growth and resource demand
- 12.1.6 The carbon cycle
- 12.2 Effects of humans on ecosystems
- 12.2.1 Causes and consequences of deforestation
- 12.2.2 Human impacts on ecosystems
13 States of matter
14 Atoms, elements and compounds
- 14.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
- 14.1.1 Elements, molecules, compounds and mixtures
- 14.1.2 Solvents, solutes and solutions
- 14.1.3 Paper chromatography
- 14.1.4 Interpreting chromatograms
- 14.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
- 14.2.1 Structure of the atom
- 14.2.2 Charges and masses of subatomic particles
- 14.2.3 Proton number
- 14.2.4 Mass number
- 14.2.5 Electronic configuration
- 14.2.6 Electron shells, groups and periods
- 14.3 Ions and ionic bonds
- 14.3.1 Formation of cations and anions
- 14.3.2 Giant ionic lattices
- 14.3.3 Ionic bonds
- 14.3.4 Ionic bonding between metals and non-metals
- 14.3.5 Dot-and-cross diagrams for ionic bonds
- 14.3.6 Explaining properties of ionic compounds
- 14.4 Simple molecules and covalent bonds
- 14.4.1 Covalent bonds
- 14.4.2 Covalent bonding in simple molecules
- 14.4.3 Explaining properties of simple molecular compounds
15 Stoichiometry
- 15.1 Formulae
- 15.1.1 Formulae of named substances
- 15.1.2 Molecular formula
- 15.1.3 Deducing formulae from models
- 15.1.4 Word and symbol equations
- 15.1.5 Deducing symbol equations
- 15.2 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
- 15.2.1 Relative molecular and formula mass
- 15.2.2 Calculating relative masses
- 15.2.3 Reacting masses
- 15.2.4 Mass concentration
- 15.2.5 Preparing standard solutions
16 Chemical energetics
17 Chemical reactions
- 17.1 Physical and chemical changes
- 17.1.1 Physical and chemical changes
- 17.2 Rate of reaction
- 17.2.1 Factors affecting rate of reaction
- 17.2.2 Catalysts unchanged by reaction
- 17.2.3 Measuring rate of reaction
- 17.2.4 Interpreting rate data
- 17.3 Redox
- 17.3.1 Redox reactions
- 17.3.2 Oxidation as gain of oxygen
- 17.3.3 Reduction as loss of oxygen
- 17.3.4 Redox as gain and loss of oxygen
- 17.3.5 Test for oxygen
18 Acids, bases and salts
- 18.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases
- 18.1.1 Hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution
- 18.1.2 Bases and alkalis
- 18.1.3 Reactions of acids
- 18.1.4 Tests for carbon dioxide and hydrogen
- 18.1.5 Reactions of bases
- 18.1.6 Test for ammonia
- 18.1.7 Neutralisation
- 18.1.8 Neutralisation of an acid by an alkali to form water
- 18.1.9 Acids, alkalis and indicators
- 18.1.10 pH and universal indicator
- 18.1.11 Corrosive acids and alkalis
- 18.2 Preparation of salts
- 18.2.1 Preparing soluble salts
- 18.2.2 Preparing insoluble salts by precipitation
- 18.2.3 Separation by solvent, filtration and crystallisation
- 18.2.4 Residue and filtrate
19 The Periodic Table
- 19.1 Arrangement of elements
- 19.1.1 Arrangement of the Periodic Table
- 19.1.2 Metallic to non-metallic character across a period
- 19.1.3 Group number and ion charge
- 19.1.4 Group similarities and electronic configuration
- 19.1.5 Predicting properties from position
- 19.2 Group I properties
- 19.2.1 Group I alkali metals
- 19.2.2 Flammability of Group I metals
- 19.2.3 Flame tests for Group I cations
- 19.2.4 Predicting Group I properties
- 19.3 Group VII properties
- 19.3.1 Group VII halogens
- 19.3.2 Appearance of the halogens
- 19.3.3 Toxicity of chlorine and bromine
- 19.3.4 Test for chlorine
- 19.3.5 Halogen displacement reactions
- 19.3.6 Halogens in aqueous solution
- 19.3.7 Silver halide precipitates
- 19.3.8 Predicting Group VII properties
- 19.4 Identification of ions
- 19.4.1 Tests for anions
- 19.4.2 Tests for aqueous cations
20 Metals
21 Chemistry of the environment
- 21.1 Water
- 21.1.1 Distillation
- 21.1.2 Why distilled water is used
- 21.1.3 Treating water for drinking
- 21.1.4 Treatment of domestic water
- 21.1.5 Desalination
- 21.2 Air quality and climate
- 21.2.1 Composition of clean air
- 21.2.2 Sources of air pollutants
- 21.2.3 Effects of air pollutants
- 21.2.4 Reducing global warming
- 21.2.5 Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells
- 21.2.6 Fuel cells versus petrol engines
22 Organic chemistry
- 22.1 Names and formulae of organic compounds
- 22.1.1 Structural formulae
- 22.1.2 Displayed formulae
- 22.1.3 Formulae of simple alkanes and alkenes
- 22.1.4 Identifying compound type from name or formula
- 22.2 Fuels
- 22.2.1 Fossil fuels
- 22.2.2 Methane in natural gas
- 22.2.3 Hydrocarbons
- 22.2.4 Petroleum as a mixture
- 22.2.5 Fractional distillation of petroleum
- 22.2.6 Trends in petroleum fractions
- 22.2.7 Uses of petroleum fractions
- 22.3 Alkanes
- 22.3.1 Bonding in alkanes
- 22.3.2 Properties of alkanes
- 22.4 Alkenes
- 22.4.1 Bonding in alkenes
- 22.4.2 Cracking
- 22.4.3 Reasons for cracking
- 22.4.4 Bromine water test for unsaturation
- 22.4.5 Addition reactions
- 22.4.6 Poly(ethene) by addition polymerisation
- 22.4.7 Poly(ethene) as a plastic
23 Motion, forces and energy
- 23.1 Physical quantities and measurement techniques
- 23.1.1 Measuring lengths
- 23.1.2 Measuring volume with a measuring cylinder
- 23.1.3 Measuring time intervals
- 23.2 Motion
- 23.2.1 Speed
- 23.2.2 Speed equation
- 23.2.3 Average speed
- 23.2.4 Acceleration
- 23.2.5 Uniform and non-uniform acceleration
- 23.2.6 Distance–time and speed–time graphs
- 23.2.7 Motion from distance–time graphs
- 23.2.8 Motion from speed–time graphs
- 23.3 Mass and weight
- 23.3.1 Measuring mass
- 23.3.2 Measuring weight
- 23.3.3 Gravitational field strength
- 23.4 Density
- 23.4.1 Density
- 23.4.2 Measuring density
- 23.5 Forces
- 23.5.1 Balanced and unbalanced forces
- 23.5.1.1 Types of force
- 23.5.1.2 Force changing motion
- 23.5.1.3 Resultant of forces along a line
- 23.5.1.4 Force equals mass times acceleration
- 23.5.2 Friction
- 23.5.2.1 Friction
- 23.5.3 Elastic deformation
- 23.5.3.1 Forces changing size and shape
- 23.5.3.2 Spring constant
- 23.5.3.3 Load–extension graphs
- 23.5.4 Turning effect of forces
- 23.5.4.1 Moment of a force
- 23.5.4.2 Calculating moments
- 23.5.4.3 Experiment on the principle of moments
- 23.6 Energy, work and power
- 23.6.1 Energy
- 23.6.1.1 Energy stores
- 23.6.1.2 Energy transfers between stores
- 23.6.1.3 Conservation of energy
- 23.6.2 Work
- 23.6.2.1 Work done
- 23.6.3 Energy resources
- 23.6.3.1 Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
- 23.6.3.2 Energy resources and electricity generation
- 23.6.3.3 Pros and cons of energy resources
24 Thermal physics
- 24.1 Kinetic particle model of matter
- 24.1.1 Particle structure of solids, liquids and gases
- 24.2 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
- 24.2.1 Applications of thermal expansion
- 24.2.2 Explaining thermal expansion
- 24.3 Transfer of thermal energy
- 24.3.1 Experiments on thermal conductors
- 24.3.2 Explaining convection
- 24.3.3 Experiments on infrared emitters
- 24.3.4 Experiments on infrared absorbers
- 24.3.5 Applications of thermal transfer
25 Waves
- 25.1 General properties of waves
- 25.1.1 Waves transfer energy, not matter
- 25.1.2 Wave motion
- 25.1.3 Frequency, wavelength, amplitude and wave terms
- 25.1.4 Wave equation
- 25.1.5 Transverse waves
- 25.1.6 Longitudinal waves
- 25.2 Light
- 25.2.1 Reflection of light
- 25.2.1.1 Normal and angles of incidence and reflection
- 25.2.1.2 Experiments on the law of reflection
- 25.2.1.3 Law of reflection
- 25.2.2 Refraction of light
- 25.2.2.1 Normal and angles of incidence and refraction
- 25.2.2.2 Experiments on refraction
- 25.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
- 25.3.1 Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
- 25.3.2 Speed of electromagnetic waves
- 25.3.3 Uses of electromagnetic waves
26 Electricity
- 26.1 Electrical quantities
- 26.1.1 Electrical charge
- 26.1.1.1 Charges and coulombs
- 26.1.1.2 Attraction and repulsion of charges
- 26.1.1.3 Charging by friction experiments
- 26.1.1.4 Charging by electron transfer
- 26.1.1.5 Examples of conductors and insulators
- 26.1.1.6 Problems caused by static charge
- 26.1.1.7 Uses of static charge
- 26.1.2 Electrical current
- 26.1.2.1 Current, charge and time
- 26.1.2.2 Conduction in metals
- 26.1.2.3 Using ammeters
- 26.1.3 Potential difference
- 26.1.3.1 Using voltmeters
- 26.1.3.2 Voltage of sources in series
- 26.1.4 Resistance
- 26.1.4.1 Resistance equation
- 26.1.4.2 Measuring resistance
- 26.1.4.3 Resistors in series
- 26.2 Electrical circuits
- 26.2.1 Circuit diagrams
- 26.2.1.1 Circuit diagrams and components
- 26.2.2 Series and parallel circuits
- 26.2.2.1 Current and p.d. rules in circuits
- 26.3 Practical electricity
- 26.3.1 Uses of electricity
- 26.3.1.1 Uses of electricity
- 26.3.1.2 Electrical power
- 26.3.1.3 Electrical energy
- 26.3.1.4 Kilowatt-hours and cost
- 26.3.2 Electrical safety
- 26.3.2.1 Mains electricity hazards
- 26.3.2.2 Trip switches and fuses
- 26.3.2.3 Live wire touching an earthed case
- 26.3.2.4 Earthing and double insulation
- 26.3.2.5 Live, neutral and earth wires
- 26.3.2.6 Fuses and circuit breakers in the live wire
27 Nuclear physics
- 27.1 The nuclear model of the atom
- 27.1.1 Structure of the atom
- 27.1.2 Composition of the nucleus
- 27.1.3 Proton number and nucleon number
- 27.1.4 Isotopes
- 27.2 Radioactivity
- 27.2.1 Detection of radioactivity
- 27.2.1.1 Detecting alpha, beta and gamma radiation
- 27.2.1.2 Count rate
- 27.2.1.3 Background radiation
- 27.2.2 The three types of emission
- 27.2.2.1 Radioactive decay
- 27.2.2.2 Nature of alpha, beta and gamma radiation
- 27.2.2.3 Ionising and penetrating powers
- 27.2.3 Half-life and uses of radioactive isotopes
- 27.2.3.1 Half-life
- 27.2.3.2 Choosing isotopes for applications
- 27.2.4 Safety precautions
- 27.2.4.1 Safe handling of radioactive materials