Specification points

Cambridge Cambridge IGCSE (9–1) Chemistry 0971

313 points in 12 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.

Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words

Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.

1 States of matter

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases
1.1.1 Properties of solids, liquids and gases
1.1.2 Particle structure of solids, liquids and gases
1.1.3 Changes of state
1.1.4 Temperature, pressure and gas volume
1.1.5 Changes of state and heating and cooling curves (Supplement)
1.1.6 Kinetic theory of gas volume changes (Supplement)
1.2 Diffusion
1.2.1 Diffusion and kinetic particle theory
1.2.2 Molecular mass and rate of diffusion (Supplement)

2 Atoms, elements and compounds

2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
2.1.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
2.2.1 Structure of the atom
2.2.2 Charges and masses of subatomic particles
2.2.3 Proton number
2.2.4 Mass number
2.2.5 Electronic configuration
2.2.6 Electron shells, groups and periods
2.3 Isotopes
2.3.1 Isotopes
2.3.2 Symbols for atoms and ions
2.3.3 Chemical properties of isotopes (Supplement)
2.3.4 Relative atomic mass from isotopes (Supplement)
2.4 Ions and ionic bonds
2.4.1 Formation of cations and anions
2.4.2 Ionic bonds
2.4.3 Ionic bonding in Group I and VII compounds
2.4.4 Properties of ionic compounds
2.4.5 Giant ionic lattices (Supplement)
2.4.6 Ionic bonding between metals and non-metals (Supplement)
2.4.7 Explaining properties of ionic compounds (Supplement)
2.5 Simple molecules and covalent bonds
2.5.1 Covalent bonds
2.5.2 Covalent bonding in simple molecules
2.5.3 Properties of simple molecular compounds
2.5.4 Covalent bonding in further molecules (Supplement)
2.5.5 Explaining properties of simple molecular compounds (Supplement)
2.6 Giant covalent structures
2.6.1 Graphite and diamond
2.6.2 Uses of graphite and diamond
2.6.3 Silicon(IV) oxide structure (Supplement)
2.6.4 Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide compared (Supplement)
2.7 Metallic bonding
2.7.1 Metallic bonding (Supplement)
2.7.2 Explaining properties of metals (Supplement)

3 Stoichiometry

3.1 Formulae
3.1.1 Formulae of named substances
3.1.2 Molecular formula
3.1.3 Deducing formulae from models
3.1.4 Word and symbol equations
3.1.5 Empirical formula (Supplement)
3.1.6 Formulae of ionic compounds (Supplement)
3.1.7 Symbol and ionic equations (Supplement)
3.1.8 Deducing symbol equations (Supplement)
3.2 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
3.2.1 Relative atomic mass
3.2.2 Relative molecular and formula mass
3.2.3 Reacting masses in simple proportions
3.3 The mole and the Avogadro constant
3.3.1 Units of concentration
3.3.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant (Supplement)
3.3.3 Calculations with moles and molar mass (Supplement)
3.3.4 Molar gas volume (Supplement)
3.3.5 Stoichiometric calculations (Supplement)
3.3.6 Titration calculations (Supplement)
3.3.7 Calculating empirical and molecular formulae (Supplement)
3.3.8 Percentage yield, composition and purity (Supplement)

4 Electrochemistry

4.1 Electrolysis
4.1.1 Electrolysis
4.1.2 Parts of an electrolytic cell
4.1.3 Products of electrolysis of common electrolytes
4.1.4 Products at the cathode and anode
4.1.5 Electrolysis of molten binary compounds
4.1.6 Purpose of electroplating
4.1.7 How electroplating works
4.1.8 Charge transfer in electrolysis (Supplement)
4.1.9 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate (Supplement)
4.1.10 Electrolysis of aqueous halides (Supplement)
4.1.11 Ionic half-equations at electrodes (Supplement)
4.2 Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells
4.2.1 Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells
4.2.2 Fuel cells versus petrol engines (Supplement)

5 Chemical energetics

5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
5.1.1 Exothermic reactions
5.1.2 Endothermic reactions
5.1.3 Reaction pathway diagrams
5.1.4 Enthalpy change (Supplement)
5.1.5 Activation energy (Supplement)
5.1.6 Drawing reaction pathway diagrams (Supplement)
5.1.7 Bond breaking and bond making (Supplement)
5.1.8 Enthalpy change from bond energies (Supplement)

6 Chemical reactions

6.1 Physical and chemical changes
6.1.1 Physical and chemical changes
6.2 Rate of reaction
6.2.1 Factors affecting rate of reaction
6.2.2 Catalysts
6.2.3 Measuring rate of reaction
6.2.4 Interpreting rate data
6.2.5 Collision theory (Supplement)
6.2.6 Explaining rate changes with collision theory (Supplement)
6.2.7 Catalysts and activation energy (Supplement)
6.2.8 Evaluating rate investigation methods (Supplement)
6.3 Reversible reactions and equilibrium
6.3.1 Reversible reactions
6.3.2 Reversing reactions of hydrated and anhydrous salts
6.3.3 Equilibrium in a closed system (Supplement)
6.3.4 Position of equilibrium (Supplement)
6.3.5 Haber process equation (Supplement)
6.3.6 Raw materials for the Haber process (Supplement)
6.3.7 Conditions in the Haber process (Supplement)
6.3.8 Contact process equation (Supplement)
6.3.9 Raw materials for the Contact process (Supplement)
6.3.10 Conditions in the Contact process (Supplement)
6.3.11 Choice of conditions in Haber and Contact processes (Supplement)
6.4 Redox
6.4.1 Roman numerals for oxidation number
6.4.2 Redox reactions
6.4.3 Oxidation and reduction as oxygen transfer
6.4.4 Redox as gain and loss of oxygen
6.4.5 Identifying oxidation and reduction
6.4.6 Oxidation as electron loss (Supplement)
6.4.7 Reduction as electron gain (Supplement)
6.4.8 Redox as electron transfer (Supplement)
6.4.9 Oxidation number changes in redox (Supplement)
6.4.10 Colour change tests for redox (Supplement)
6.4.11 Oxidising agents (Supplement)
6.4.12 Reducing agents (Supplement)
6.4.13 Identifying oxidising and reducing agents (Supplement)

7 Acids, bases and salts

9 Metals

9.1 Properties of metals
9.1.1 Physical properties of metals and non-metals
9.1.2 Chemical properties of metals
9.2 Uses of metals
9.2.1 Uses of metals
9.3 Alloys and their properties
9.3.1 Alloys
9.3.2 Alloys are harder and stronger
9.3.3 Uses of alloys
9.3.4 Identifying alloys from structure diagrams
9.3.5 Why alloys are harder (Supplement)
9.4 Reactivity series
9.4.1 Reactivity series
9.4.2 Reactions of metals with water, steam and acid
9.4.3 Deducing reactivity from results
9.4.4 Reactivity and displacement reactions (Supplement)
9.4.5 Unreactivity of aluminium (Supplement)
9.5 Corrosion of metals
9.5.1 Conditions for rusting
9.5.2 Barrier methods
9.5.3 How barrier methods prevent rusting
9.5.4 Galvanising (Supplement)
9.5.5 Sacrificial protection (Supplement)
9.6 Extraction of metals
9.6.1 Ease of metal extraction
9.6.2 Extraction of iron in the blast furnace
9.6.3 Aluminium from bauxite
9.6.4 Equations for iron extraction (Supplement)
9.6.5 Extraction of aluminium by electrolysis (Supplement)

11 Organic chemistry

11.1 Formulae, functional groups and terminology
11.1.1 Displayed formulae
11.1.2 General formulae of homologous series
11.1.3 Functional groups
11.1.4 Homologous series
11.1.5 Saturated compounds
11.1.6 Unsaturated compounds
11.1.7 Structural formulae (Supplement)
11.1.8 Structural isomers (Supplement)
11.1.9 Characteristics of a homologous series (Supplement)
11.2 Naming organic compounds
11.2.1 Naming and drawing simple organic compounds
11.2.2 Identifying compound type from name or formula
11.2.3 Naming unbranched alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and acids (Supplement)
11.2.4 Naming and drawing esters (Supplement)
11.3 Fuels
11.3.1 Fossil fuels
11.3.2 Methane in natural gas
11.3.3 Hydrocarbons
11.3.4 Petroleum as a mixture
11.3.5 Fractional distillation of petroleum
11.3.6 Trends in petroleum fractions
11.3.7 Uses of petroleum fractions
11.4 Alkanes
11.4.1 Bonding in alkanes
11.4.2 Properties of alkanes
11.4.3 Substitution reactions (Supplement)
11.4.4 Photochemical substitution with chlorine (Supplement)
11.5 Alkenes
11.5.1 Bonding in alkenes
11.5.2 Cracking
11.5.3 Reasons for cracking
11.5.4 Bromine water test for unsaturation
11.5.5 Addition reactions (Supplement)
11.5.6 Addition reactions of alkenes (Supplement)
11.6 Alcohols
11.6.1 Manufacture of ethanol
11.6.2 Combustion of ethanol
11.6.3 Uses of ethanol
11.6.4 Comparing methods of making ethanol (Supplement)
11.7 Carboxylic acids
11.7.1 Reactions of ethanoic acid
11.7.2 Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid (Supplement)
11.7.3 Esterification (Supplement)
11.8 Polymers
11.8.1 Polymers and monomers
11.8.2 Addition polymerisation of poly(ethene)
11.8.3 Plastics from polymers
11.8.4 Properties of plastics and disposal
11.8.5 Environmental challenges of plastics
11.8.6 Repeat units and linkages in polymers (Supplement)
11.8.7 Addition polymers and their monomers (Supplement)
11.8.8 Condensation polymers: polyamides and polyesters (Supplement)
11.8.9 Addition versus condensation polymerisation (Supplement)
11.8.10 Structures of nylon and PET (Supplement)
11.8.11 Recycling PET into monomers (Supplement)
11.8.12 Proteins as natural polyamides (Supplement)
11.8.13 Structure of proteins (Supplement)