Specification points
Cambridge Cambridge IGCSE Science - Combined 0653
564 points in 3 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.
B Biology
- B1 Characteristics of living organisms
- B1.1 Characteristics of living organisms
- B1.1.1 Characteristics of living organisms
- B2 Cells
- B2.1 Cell structure
- B2.1.1 Plant and animal cell structure
- B2.1.2 Bacterial cell structure
- B2.1.3 Identifying cell structures in images
- B2.1.4 Functions of cell structures
- B2.1.5 Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms
- B2.1.6 Specialised cells and their functions (Supplement)
- B2.2 Size of specimens
- B2.2.1 Magnification formula
- B2.2.2 Calculating magnification and specimen size
- B2.2.3 Converting millimetres and micrometres (Supplement)
- B3 Movement into and out of cells
- B3.1 Diffusion
- B3.1.1 Diffusion
- B3.1.2 Diffusion across cell membranes
- B3.1.3 Importance of diffusion in organisms
- B3.1.4 Factors affecting diffusion (Supplement)
- B3.2 Osmosis
- B3.2.1 Osmosis through partially permeable membranes
- B3.2.2 Osmosis across cell membranes
- B3.2.3 Effects of solutions on plant tissues
- B3.2.4 Osmosis and water potential (Supplement)
- B3.2.5 Turgor, plasmolysis and flaccidity (Supplement)
- B3.3 Active transport
- B3.3.1 Active transport (Supplement)
- B3.3.2 Importance of active transport (Supplement)
- B4 Biological molecules
- B4.1 Biological molecules
- B4.1.1 Elements in carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- B4.1.2 Large molecules from smaller units
- B4.1.3 Food tests
- B5 Enzymes
- B5.1 Enzymes
- B5.1.1 Enzymes as biological catalysts
- B5.1.2 Effect of temperature and pH on enzymes
- B5.1.3 Enzyme action (Supplement)
- B5.1.4 Enzyme specificity (Supplement)
- B5.1.5 Temperature, collisions and denaturation (Supplement)
- B5.1.6 pH, shape and denaturation (Supplement)
- B6 Plant nutrition
- B6.1 Photosynthesis
- B6.1.1 Photosynthesis
- B6.1.2 Word equation for photosynthesis
- B6.1.3 Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
- B6.1.4 Investigating what photosynthesis needs
- B6.1.5 Balanced equation for photosynthesis (Supplement)
- B6.1.6 Chlorophyll and energy transfer (Supplement)
- B6.1.7 Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis (Supplement)
- B6.1.8 Gas exchange in aquatic plants in light and dark (Supplement)
- B6.2 Leaf structure
- B6.2.1 Structures in a dicotyledonous leaf
- B7 Human nutrition
- B7.1 Diet
- B7.1.1 Balanced diet
- B7.1.2 Dietary sources and roles of nutrients
- B7.2 Digestive system
- B7.2.1 Organs of the digestive system
- B7.2.2 Functions of digestive organs
- B7.3 Digestion
- B7.3.1 Physical digestion
- B7.3.2 Chemical digestion
- B7.3.3 Physical digestion and surface area (Supplement)
- B7.3.4 Role of chemical digestion in absorption (Supplement)
- B7.3.5 Amylase, protease and lipase (Supplement)
- B7.3.6 Where digestive enzymes are secreted and act (Supplement)
- B7.3.7 Hydrochloric acid in the stomach (Supplement)
- B8 Transport in plants
- B8.1 Xylem and phloem
- B8.1.1 Functions of xylem and phloem
- B8.1.2 Position of xylem and phloem
- B8.2 Water uptake
- B8.2.1 Root hair cells
- B8.2.2 Pathway of water through a plant
- B8.2.3 Root hair surface area and uptake (Supplement)
- B8.3 Transpiration
- B8.3.1 Transpiration
- B8.3.2 Temperature and wind speed on transpiration (Supplement)
- B9 Transport in animals
- B9.1 Circulatory systems
- B9.1.1 Circulatory system
- B9.2 Heart
- B9.2.1 Structure of the mammalian heart
- B9.2.2 Arteries and veins
- B9.2.3 Monitoring heart activity
- B9.2.4 Physical activity and heart rate
- B9.2.5 How the heart functions (Supplement)
- B9.2.6 Explaining heart rate changes with activity (Supplement)
- B9.2.7 Coronary heart disease and risk factors (Supplement)
- B9.2.8 Diet and exercise in reducing heart disease (Supplement)
- B9.3 Blood vessels
- B9.3.1 Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries
- B9.3.2 Artery and vein structure and blood pressure (Supplement)
- B9.4 Blood
- B9.4.1 Components of blood
- B9.4.2 Identifying red and white blood cells
- B9.4.3 Functions of blood components
- B9.4.4 Roles of blood clotting (Supplement)
- B10 Diseases and immunity
- B10.1 Diseases and immunity
- B10.1.1 Pathogens
- B10.1.2 Transmissible diseases
- B10.1.3 Direct and indirect transmission
- B10.1.4 Body defences
- B10.1.5 Features of viruses (Supplement)
- B10.1.6 Controlling the spread of disease (Supplement)
- B10.1.7 Active immunity (Supplement)
- B10.1.8 Gaining active immunity (Supplement)
- B11 Gas exchange in humans
- B11.1 Gas exchange in humans
- B11.1.1 Parts of the breathing system
- B11.1.2 Physical activity and breathing
- B11.1.3 Features of gas exchange surfaces (Supplement)
- B12 Respiration
- B12.1 Respiration
- B12.1.1 Uses of energy in organisms
- B12.1.2 Aerobic respiration
- B12.1.3 Word equation for aerobic respiration
- B12.1.4 Balanced equation for aerobic respiration (Supplement)
- B13 Drugs
- B13.1 Drugs
- B13.1.1 Drugs
- B13.1.2 Antibiotics for bacterial infections
- B13.1.3 Antibiotic resistance
- B13.1.4 Antibiotics and viruses
- B13.1.5 Limiting antibiotic resistance (Supplement)
- B14 Reproduction
- B14.1 Sexual reproduction in plants
- B14.1.1 Parts of an insect-pollinated flower
- B14.1.2 Functions of flower structures
- B14.1.3 Pollination
- B14.1.4 Fertilisation in flowering plants
- B14.1.5 Conditions for seed germination
- B14.1.6 Anthers and stigmas of wind-pollinated flowers (Supplement)
- B14.2 Sexual reproduction in humans
- B14.2.1 Male reproductive system
- B14.2.2 Female reproductive system
- B14.2.3 Human fertilisation
- B14.2.4 The menstrual cycle
- B15 Organisms and their environment
- B15.1 Energy flow
- B15.1.1 The Sun as energy source
- B15.1.2 Energy flow through organisms
- B15.2 Food chains and food webs
- B15.2.1 Food chains
- B15.2.2 Constructing food chains
- B15.2.3 Food webs
- B15.2.4 Producers
- B15.2.5 Consumers
- B15.2.6 Levels of consumers
- B15.2.7 Herbivores
- B15.2.8 Carnivores
- B15.2.9 Decomposers
- B15.2.10 Human impact on food webs (Supplement)
- B15.3 Carbon cycle
- B15.3.1 The carbon cycle
- B16 Human influences on ecosystems
- B16.1 Habitat destruction
- B16.1.1 Ecosystems
- B16.1.2 Biodiversity
- B16.1.3 Reasons for habitat destruction
- B16.1.4 Effects of deforestation
- B16.1.5 Effects of deforestation (Supplement)
- B16.2 Conservation
- B16.2.1 Why species become endangered or extinct
- B16.2.2 Conserving endangered species (Supplement)
C Chemistry
- C1 States of matter
- C1.1 Solids, liquids and gases
- C1.1.1 Properties of solids, liquids and gases
- C1.1.2 Particle structure of solids, liquids and gases
- C1.1.3 Changes of state
- C1.1.4 Temperature, pressure and gas volume
- C1.1.5 Changes of state and kinetic theory (Supplement)
- C2 Atoms, elements and compounds
- C2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
- C2.1.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures
- C2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
- C2.2.1 Structure of the atom
- C2.2.2 Charges and masses of subatomic particles
- C2.2.3 Proton number
- C2.2.4 Mass number
- C2.2.5 Electronic configuration
- C2.2.6 Electron shells, groups and periods
- C2.3 Ions and ionic bonds
- C2.3.1 Formation of cations and anions
- C2.3.2 Ionic bonds
- C2.3.3 Ionic bonding in Group I and VII compounds
- C2.3.4 Properties of ionic compounds
- C2.3.5 Ionic bonding between metals and non-metals (Supplement)
- C2.3.6 Giant ionic lattices (Supplement)
- C2.4 Simple molecules and covalent bonds
- C2.4.1 Covalent bonds
- C2.4.2 Covalent bonding in simple molecules
- C2.4.3 Properties of simple molecular compounds
- C2.4.4 Covalent bonding in further molecules (Supplement)
- C3 Stoichiometry
- C3.1 Formulas
- C3.1.1 Formulae of named substances
- C3.1.2 Molecular formula
- C3.1.3 Deducing formulae from models
- C3.1.4 Word equations
- C3.1.5 Balancing symbol equations with state symbols
- C3.1.6 Formulae of ionic compounds (Supplement)
- C3.1.7 Symbol and ionic equations (Supplement)
- C4 Electrochemistry
- C4.1 Electrolysis
- C4.1.1 Electrolysis
- C4.1.2 Parts of an electrolytic cell
- C4.1.3 Products of electrolysis of common electrolytes
- C4.1.4 Products at the cathode and anode (Supplement)
- C4.1.5 Electrolysis of molten binary compounds (Supplement)
- C5 Chemical energetics
- C5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
- C5.1.1 Exothermic reactions
- C5.1.2 Endothermic reactions
- C5.1.3 Interpreting reaction pathway diagrams (Supplement)
- C5.1.4 Activation energy (Supplement)
- C5.1.5 Drawing reaction pathway diagrams (Supplement)
- C5.1.6 Bond breaking and bond making (Supplement)
- C6 Chemical reactions
- C6.1 Physical and chemical changes
- C6.1.1 Physical and chemical changes
- C6.2 Rate of reaction
- C6.2.1 Factors affecting rate of reaction
- C6.2.2 Catalysts
- C6.2.3 Measuring rate of reaction
- C6.2.4 Interpreting rate data
- C6.2.5 Explaining rate changes with collision theory (Supplement)
- C6.2.6 Collision theory (Supplement)
- C6.3 Redox
- C6.3.1 Redox reactions
- C6.3.2 Oxidation and reduction as oxygen transfer
- C6.3.3 Redox as gain and loss of oxygen
- C6.3.4 Identifying oxidation and reduction
- C7 Acids, bases and salts
- C7.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases
- C7.1.1 Reactions of acids
- C7.1.2 Acids and indicators
- C7.1.3 Bases and alkalis
- C7.1.4 Reactions of bases with acids
- C7.1.5 Alkalis and indicators
- C7.1.6 pH and universal indicator
- C7.2 Oxides
- C7.2.1 Acidic and basic oxides
- C7.3 Preparation of salts
- C7.3.1 Preparing soluble salts
- C7.3.2 Preparing insoluble salts by precipitation (Supplement)
- C8 The Periodic Table
- C8.1 Arrangement of elements
- C8.1.1 Arrangement of the Periodic Table
- C8.1.2 Metallic to non-metallic character across a period
- C8.1.3 Identifying trends in groups (Supplement)
- C8.2 Group I properties
- C8.2.1 Group I alkali metals
- C8.2.2 Predicting Group I properties (Supplement)
- C8.3 Group VII properties
- C8.3.1 Group VII halogens
- C8.3.2 Appearance of the halogens
- C8.3.3 Halogen displacement reactions (Supplement)
- C8.3.4 Predicting Group VII properties (Supplement)
- C8.4 Transition elements
- C8.4.1 Transition elements
- C8.5 Noble gases
- C8.5.1 Noble gases
- C9 Metals
- C9.1 Properties of metals
- C9.1.1 Physical properties of metals and non-metals
- C9.1.2 Chemical properties of metals
- C9.2 Uses of metals
- C9.2.1 Uses of metals
- C9.3 Alloys and their properties
- C9.3.1 Alloys
- C9.3.2 Alloys are harder and stronger
- C9.3.3 Uses of alloys
- C9.3.4 Identifying alloys from structure diagrams
- C9.3.5 Why alloys are harder (Supplement)
- C9.4 Reactivity series
- C9.4.1 Reactivity series
- C9.4.2 Reactions of metals with water, steam and acid
- C9.4.3 Deducing reactivity from results
- C9.5 Corrosion of metals
- C9.5.1 Conditions for rusting
- C9.5.2 Barrier methods
- C9.5.3 How barrier methods prevent rusting
- C9.6 Extraction of metals
- C9.6.1 Ease of metal extraction
- C9.6.2 Extracting iron by reduction
- C9.6.3 Aluminium from bauxite
- C9.6.4 Extraction of iron in the blast furnace (Supplement)
- C10 Chemistry of the environment
- C10.1 Water
- C10.1.1 Chemical tests for water
- C10.1.2 Why distilled water is used
- C10.1.3 Treatment of domestic water
- C10.2 Air quality and climate
- C10.2.1 Composition of clean air
- C10.2.2 Sources of air pollutants
- C10.2.3 Effects of air pollutants
- C10.2.4 Reducing climate change effects (Supplement)
- C10.2.5 Reducing acid rain (Supplement)
- C10.2.6 Greenhouse gases and global warming (Supplement)
- C11 Organic chemistry
- C11.1 Terminology
- C11.1.1 Saturated compounds
- C11.1.2 Unsaturated compounds
- C11.1.3 Homologous series (Supplement)
- C11.1.4 Characteristics of a homologous series (Supplement)
- C11.2 Fuels
- C11.2.1 Fossil fuels
- C11.2.2 Methane in natural gas
- C11.2.3 Hydrocarbons
- C11.2.4 Petroleum as a mixture
- C11.2.5 Fractional distillation of petroleum
- C11.2.6 Uses of petroleum fractions
- C11.2.7 Trends in petroleum fractions (Supplement)
- C11.3 Alkanes
- C11.3.1 Bonding in alkanes
- C11.3.2 Properties of alkanes
- C11.4 Alkenes
- C11.4.1 Bonding in alkenes
- C11.4.2 Bromine water test for unsaturation
- C11.4.3 Cracking (Supplement)
- C11.4.4 Addition reactions of alkenes (Supplement)
- C11.5 Polymers
- C11.5.1 Polymers and monomers
- C11.5.2 Addition polymerisation of poly(ethene)
- C12 Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
- C12.1 Experimental design
- C12.1.1 Measuring apparatus
- C12.1.2 Solvents, solutes and solutions
- C12.2 Chromatography
- C12.2.1 Paper chromatography of coloured substances
- C12.2.2 Interpreting chromatograms
- C12.2.3 Rf values (Supplement)
- C12.3 Separation and purification
- C12.3.1 Separation and purification methods
- C12.3.2 Choosing separation techniques
- C12.4 Identification of ions and gases
- C12.4.1 Tests for anions
- C12.4.2 Tests for aqueous cations
- C12.4.3 Tests for gases
- C12.4.4 Flame tests
P Physics
- P1 Motion, forces and energy
- P1.1 Physical quantities and measurement techniques
- P1.1.1 Measuring length and volume
- P1.1.2 Measuring time intervals
- P1.1.3 Averages from multiple measurements
- P1.2 Motion
- P1.2.1 Speed
- P1.2.2 Average speed
- P1.2.3 Distance–time and speed–time graphs
- P1.2.4 Acceleration and deceleration
- P1.2.5 Motion from distance–time graphs
- P1.2.6 Motion from speed–time graphs
- P1.2.7 Speed from distance–time gradient
- P1.2.8 Acceleration equation (Supplement)
- P1.2.9 Constant acceleration from graphs (Supplement)
- P1.2.10 Acceleration from speed–time gradient (Supplement)
- P1.2.11 Distance from area under speed–time graph (Supplement)
- P1.2.12 Deceleration in calculations (Supplement)
- P1.2.13 Acceleration of free fall (Supplement)
- P1.3 Mass and weight
- P1.3.1 Mass
- P1.3.2 Weight
- P1.3.3 Gravitational field strength
- P1.3.4 Weight as effect of a gravitational field (Supplement)
- P1.3.5 Field strength and free-fall acceleration (Supplement)
- P1.4 Density
- P1.4.1 Density
- P1.4.2 Measuring density
- P1.4.3 Floating or sinking from density
- P1.5 Forces
- P1.5.1 Effects of forces
- P1.5.1.1 Effects of forces
- P1.5.1.2 Resultant of forces along a line
- P1.5.1.3 Friction
- P1.5.1.4 Drag in liquids
- P1.5.1.5 Air resistance
- P1.5.1.6 Newton's first law
- P1.5.1.7 Force equals mass times acceleration (Supplement)
- P1.6 Energy, work and power
- P1.6.1 Energy
- P1.6.1.1 Energy stores
- P1.6.1.2 Energy transfers between stores
- P1.6.1.3 Conservation of energy
- P1.6.1.4 Kinetic energy (Supplement)
- P1.6.1.5 Gravitational potential energy (Supplement)
- P1.6.2 Work
- P1.6.2.1 Work done and energy transferred
- P1.6.2.2 Mechanical work
- P1.6.3 Energy resources
- P1.6.3.1 Energy resources and electricity generation
- P1.6.3.2 Efficiency of energy transfer
- P1.6.3.3 The Sun as main energy source (Supplement)
- P1.6.3.4 Nuclear fusion in the Sun (Supplement)
- P1.6.3.5 Nuclear fission in reactors (Supplement)
- P1.6.3.6 Efficiency equations (Supplement)
- P1.6.4 Power
- P1.6.4.1 Power
- P1.7 Pressure
- P1.7.1 Pressure, force and area
- P1.7.2 Pressure
- P2 Thermal physics
- P2.1 Kinetic particle model of matter
- P2.1.1 States of matter
- P2.1.1.1 Properties of solids, liquids and gases
- P2.1.1.2 Changes of state
- P2.1.2 Particle model
- P2.1.2.1 Particle structure of states
- P2.1.2.2 Particle motion and temperature
- P2.1.2.3 Particle forces and properties of matter (Supplement)
- P2.1.2.4 Gas pressure from particle collisions (Supplement)
- P2.1.3 Pressure changes
- P2.1.3.1 Gas pressure, temperature and volume (Supplement)
- P2.2 Thermal properties and temperature
- P2.2.1 Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
- P2.2.1.1 Thermal expansion
- P2.2.1.2 Applications of thermal expansion (Supplement)
- P2.2.2 Evaporation
- P2.2.2.1 Evaporation
- P2.2.2.2 Evaporative cooling
- P2.2.2.3 Factors affecting evaporation (Supplement)
- P2.3 Transfer of thermal energy
- P2.3.1 Conduction
- P2.3.1.1 Thermal conductors and insulators
- P2.3.1.2 Mechanisms of thermal conduction (Supplement)
- P2.3.2 Convection
- P2.3.2.1 Convection
- P2.3.2.2 Convection in liquids and gases
- P2.3.2.3 Convection and density (Supplement)
- P2.3.3 Radiation
- P2.3.3.1 Thermal radiation
- P2.3.3.2 Surface colour and texture and radiation
- P2.3.3.3 Earth's temperature and radiation balance (Supplement)
- P2.3.3.4 Experiments on thermal emitters (Supplement)
- P2.3.3.5 Experiments on thermal absorbers (Supplement)
- P2.3.4 Consequences of thermal energy transfer
- P2.3.4.1 Applications of thermal transfer
- P3 Waves
- P3.1 General properties of waves
- P3.1.1 Waves transfer energy, not matter
- P3.1.2 Wave motion
- P3.1.3 Features of a wave
- P3.1.4 Reflection and refraction of waves
- P3.1.5 Wave speed equation
- P3.1.6 Transverse waves (Supplement)
- P3.1.7 Longitudinal waves (Supplement)
- P3.2 Light
- P3.2.1 Reflection of light
- P3.2.1.1 Normal and angles of incidence and reflection
- P3.2.1.2 Images in a vertical plane mirror
- P3.2.1.3 Law of reflection
- P3.2.1.4 Plane mirror images are virtual (Supplement)
- P3.2.1.5 Diagrams and calculations for plane mirrors (Supplement)
- P3.2.2 Refraction of light
- P3.2.2.1 Refraction
- P3.2.2.2 Normal and angles of incidence and refraction
- P3.2.2.3 Light passing between media
- P3.2.3 Thin converging lens
- P3.2.3.1 Converging lens and parallel rays
- P3.2.3.2 Principal axis, focus and focal length
- P3.2.3.3 Ray diagrams for real images
- P3.2.3.4 Describing images
- P3.2.4 Dispersion of light
- P3.2.4.1 Dispersion of light
- P3.2.4.2 Colours of the visible spectrum
- P3.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
- P3.3.1 Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
- P3.3.2 Speed of electromagnetic waves
- P3.3.3 Applications of electromagnetic waves
- P3.3.4 Harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation
- P3.3.5 Speed of light value (Supplement)
- P3.4 Sound
- P3.4.1 Production of sound
- P3.4.2 Range of human hearing
- P3.4.3 Sound needs a medium
- P3.4.4 Measuring the speed of sound
- P3.4.5 Loudness and pitch
- P3.4.6 Echoes
- P3.4.7 Ultrasound
- P3.4.8 Compressions and rarefactions (Supplement)
- P3.4.9 Pressure in compressions and rarefactions (Supplement)
- P3.4.10 Speed of sound in different media (Supplement)
- P4 Electricity
- P4.1 Electrical quantities
- P4.1.1 Electrical charge
- P4.1.1.1 Positive and negative charges
- P4.1.1.2 Attraction and repulsion of charges
- P4.1.1.3 Conductors and insulators
- P4.1.1.4 Coulombs (Supplement)
- P4.1.2 Electric current
- P4.1.2.1 Current as flow of charge
- P4.1.2.2 Current in metals
- P4.1.2.3 Using ammeters
- P4.1.2.4 Direct and alternating current
- P4.1.2.5 Current, charge and time (Supplement)
- P4.1.2.6 Conduction in metals (Supplement)
- P4.1.2.7 Conventional current and electron flow (Supplement)
- P4.1.3 Voltage (electromotive force and potential difference)
- P4.1.3.1 Voltage as cause of current
- P4.1.3.2 Sharing voltage in series circuits
- P4.1.3.3 Using voltmeters
- P4.1.3.4 Electromotive force (Supplement)
- P4.1.3.5 Unit of e.m.f. (Supplement)
- P4.1.3.6 Potential difference (Supplement)
- P4.1.3.7 Unit of p.d. (Supplement)
- P4.1.4 Resistance
- P4.1.4.1 Resistance
- P4.1.4.2 Resistance proportional to length, inverse to area (Supplement)
- P4.1.5 Electrical energy and electrical power
- P4.1.5.1 Energy transfer in circuits
- P4.1.5.2 Electrical power
- P4.1.5.3 Electrical energy
- P4.1.5.4 Kilowatt-hours and cost
- P4.2 Electrical circuits
- P4.2.1 Circuit diagrams and circuit components
- P4.2.1.1 Circuit diagrams and components
- P4.2.1.2 Generators and LEDs in circuits (Supplement)
- P4.2.2 Series and parallel circuits
- P4.2.2.1 Current in series circuits
- P4.2.2.2 Series and parallel circuits
- P4.2.2.3 Resistors in series
- P4.2.2.4 Lamps in parallel
- P4.2.2.5 Current in parallel circuits
- P4.2.2.6 Resistors in parallel
- P4.2.2.7 Current and p.d. rules in circuits (Supplement)
- P4.2.2.8 Combined resistance of parallel resistors (Supplement)
- P4.3 Electrical safety
- P4.3.1 Heating effect of current
- P4.3.2 Mains electricity hazards
- P4.3.3 Trip switches and fuses
- P4.3.4 Earthing and double insulation
- P4.4 Cells, batteries, generators and motors
- P4.4.1 Cells and batteries as energy transfers
- P4.4.2 Generators as energy transfers
- P4.4.3 Motors as energy transfers
- P5 Space physics
- P5.1 The Solar System
- P5.1.1 The Solar System
- P5.1.1.1 The Solar System
- P5.2 Stars and the Universe
- P5.2.1 The Sun as a star
- P5.2.1.1 The Sun and light-years
- P5.2.1.2 Light travel time in the Solar System
- P5.2.1.3 The Sun's mass and planetary orbits
- P5.2.1.4 Gravity keeping objects in orbit
- P5.2.1.5 The Sun as a star
- P5.2.1.6 Orbital speed (Supplement)
- P5.2.1.7 Sun's gravity and orbital speed with distance (Supplement)
- P5.2.1.8 Nuclear fusion in stars (Supplement)
- P5.2.2 Life cycle of stars
- P5.2.2.1 Star formation
- P5.2.2.2 Life cycle of stars by mass
- P5.2.2.3 New stars from supernova nebulae (Supplement)
- P5.2.3 Galaxies and the Universe
- P5.2.3.1 Galaxies and the Milky Way
- P5.2.3.2 The Milky Way and the Universe
- P5.2.3.3 The Big Bang Theory (Supplement)