Specification points

Cambridge Cambridge International AS & A Level Geography 9696

195 points in 14 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.

Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words

Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.

1 Hydrology, river processes and hazards

1.1 The drainage basin system
1.1.1 The concept of the drainage basin as an open system
1.1.2 Movement of water through the drainage system
1.1.3 Drainage basin characteristics influencing the movement of water
1.1.4 Discharge relationships and hydrographs
1.2 River channel processes and landforms
1.2.1 River channel processes
1.2.2 River flow
1.2.3 Formation of river landforms by erosion and deposition processes
1.3 River flood hazards and impacts
1.3.1 Causes of river floods
1.3.2 Impacts of river floods
1.3.3 Management of river floods

2 Atmospheric processes and global climate change

2.1 Energy budgets
2.1.1 Energy budget systems
2.1.2 The global energy budget
2.1.3 Global transfers of energy
2.1.4 Seasonal variations in temperature, pressure and wind belts
2.1.5 Diurnal energy budgets
2.2 Weather processes and phenomena
2.2.1 Atmospheric moisture processes
2.2.2 Causes of precipitation
2.2.3 Types of precipitation
2.3 Global warming and climate change
2.3.1 Evidence for global warming and climate change
2.3.2 Causes of global warming and climate change

3 Earth processes and mass movements

3.1 Plate tectonics
3.1.1 Tectonic plates
3.1.2 Tectonic movement
3.1.3 Global distribution of types of plate boundaries
3.2 Tectonic processes and landforms
3.2.1 Tectonic processes
3.2.2 Formation of landforms by tectonic processes
3.3 Mass movement hazards and impacts
3.3.1 Types of mass movement
3.3.2 Physical causes and human causes of mass movement
3.3.3 Management of mass movement hazards

4 Population and migration

4.1 Global population
4.1.1 Population distribution and population density
4.1.2 Trends in global population growth and regional variations
4.1.3 Components of population change and their spatial variations
4.2 Population structure
4.2.1 Population structures
4.2.2 Changes in population structures over time
4.2.3 Government attempts to manage natural increase
4.3 Migration
4.3.1 International migration types
4.3.2 Causes of migration
4.3.3 Impacts of migration

5 Water resources and management

5.1 Global water resources
5.1.1 Patterns of water resources, spatial variation and changes over time
5.1.2 The human water cycle
5.1.3 Trends in water consumption
5.2 Factors influencing water resources at the regional/national scale
5.2.1 Factors that influence the supply of water (volume and quality)
5.2.2 Factors that influence the demand for water
5.2.3 Water security
5.3 Management of water resources at the regional/national scale
5.3.1 Strategies to increase water resources and access to water
5.3.2 Strategies to manage demand for water
5.3.3 Management of water resources

6 Urban areas and management

6.1 Urban growth
6.1.1 Processes of urban growth
6.1.2 Causes and consequences of urban growth for urban areas and rural areas
6.1.3 Urban growth and a hierarchy of urban areas
6.2 Urban structure and change
6.2.1 Factors which influence the structure and characteristics of urban areas
6.2.2 The changing location of urban activities
6.2.3 Zonation of residential areas
6.3 Sustainable urban development
6.3.1 Challenges of sustainability in urban development
6.3.2 Sustainability issues in urban areas
6.3.3 Strategies for the sustainable management of urban areas

7 Tropical environments

7.1 Tropical climates
7.1.1 Global distribution of humid tropical (rainforest) and seasonally humid tropical (savanna) environments
7.1.2 Climates of rainforest and savanna
7.1.3 Distribution and causes of tropical climates
7.2 Processes and landforms in tropical environments
7.2.1 Weathering processes and their significance in forming and shaping landforms
7.2.2 Granite landforms: bornhardts (dwala, ruware), kopjes (koppies), tors
7.2.3 Limestone landforms: tropical karst – cone karst, tower karst, cockpit karst
7.3 Vegetation, soils and ecosystems in tropical environments
7.3.1 Vegetation characteristics of rainforest ecosystems and savanna ecosystems
7.3.2 Soils in rainforests and savannas
7.3.3 Nutrient cycling in rainforests and savannas
7.4 Changes and challenges in tropical environments
7.4.1 Changes and challenges and their impacts on tropical environments
7.4.2 Case study: a tropical ecosystem

8 Coastal environments

8.1 Coastal processes
8.1.1 Factors influencing coastal environments
8.1.2 Marine erosion processes
8.1.3 Sub-aerial processes
8.1.4 Marine transportation and marine deposition processes
8.2 Characteristics and formation of coastal landforms
8.2.1 Coastal processes and landforms
8.2.2 Erosional landforms
8.2.3 Depositional landforms
8.2.4 Formation and development of landforms influenced by coastal processes and vegetation types
8.3 Coral reefs
8.3.1 Distribution of coral reefs and conditions required for coral growth
8.3.2 Threats to coral reefs
8.4 Physical and human challenges to the coastal environment
8.4.1 Detailed specific example of a stretch or stretches of coastline

9 Hazardous environments

9.1 Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts
9.1.1 Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
9.1.2 Earthquake hazards and impacts
9.1.3 Volcanic hazards and impacts
9.1.4 Management of earthquake and volcanic hazards
9.2 Tropical cyclone hazards and impacts
9.2.1 Global distribution of tropical cyclones (cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons)
9.2.2 Tropical cyclone hazards and impacts
9.2.3 Management of tropical cyclone hazards
9.3 Wildfire hazards and impacts
9.3.1 Global distribution of areas at risk of wildfires
9.3.2 Wildfire hazards and impacts
9.3.3 Management of wildfire hazards
9.4 Challenges in multi-hazard environments
9.4.1 Case study: a multi-hazard environment

10 Arid environments

10.1 Arid climates
10.1.1 Global distribution of hot arid and hot semi-arid environments
10.1.2 Climatic characteristics of hot arid and hot semi-arid environments
10.1.3 Causes of aridity
10.2 Processes and landforms in arid environments
10.2.1 Weathering processes and their significance in forming and shaping landforms
10.2.2 Wind (aeolian) processes and their significance in forming and shaping landforms
10.2.3 Water (fluvial) processes and their significance in forming and shaping landforms
10.2.4 Characteristics, formation and shaping of landforms
10.3 Vegetation and soils in arid environments
10.3.1 Vegetation characteristics in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments
10.3.2 Soils in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments
10.4 Changes and challenges in arid environments
10.4.1 Changes and challenges and their impacts on arid environments
10.4.2 Case study: an arid environment

11 Climate change impacts and governance

11.1 Our future global climate
11.1.1 Climate projections and the impact on the global climate
11.1.2 Climate change impacts on different environments
11.1.3 Non-linear change in climate
11.2 Socio-economic impacts of climate change
11.2.1 Global socio-economic impacts and their distribution
11.2.2 Patterns of human vulnerability to climate change
11.3 Governance of climate change
11.3.1 Governance on a global scale
11.3.2 Progress and challenges in management of climate change
11.3.3 Detailed specific examples of two countries with contrasting management strategies

12 Environmental issues and management

12.1 Energy supplies
12.1.1 Energy resources
12.1.2 Challenges of energy transition from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources
12.1.3 National factors affecting energy supply and demand
12.1.4 Case studies: electricity production in two countries
12.2 Pollution and environmental degradation in rural areas
12.2.1 Pollution and degradation of rural environments
12.2.2 Management of pollution and environmental degradation caused by human activities
12.2.3 Detailed specific example of environmental degradation in one rural area
12.3 Pollution and environmental degradation in urban areas
12.3.1 Pollution and degradation of urban environments
12.3.2 Management of pollution and environmental degradation in urban areas
12.3.3 The reasons for urban planning and controls
12.3.4 Detailed specific example of environmental degradation in one urban area

13 Trade, aid and tourism

13.1 Global trade patterns and change
13.1.1 Flows and patterns of visible trade
13.1.2 Factors influencing visible trade
13.1.3 Case studies: trade of two contrasting countries
13.2 International organisations involved in trade and aid
13.2.1 The role and impact of inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) on global trade flows
13.2.2 International aid, NGOs and IGOs
13.3 International tourism
13.3.1 Patterns and trends in international tourism
13.3.2 Impacts of tourism
13.3.3 Case studies: two contrasting tourist areas

14 Disease and geography

14.1 Distribution of diseases
14.1.1 Geography of disease
14.1.2 Distribution of disease and spatial variation in morbidity
14.2 Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts
14.2.1 Influenza (flu) as an example of a viral disease
14.2.2 Cholera as an example of a bacterial disease
14.2.3 Malaria as a vector-borne disease
14.3 Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases
14.3.1 Monitoring disease to manage public health emergencies
14.3.2 Responses to disease outbreaks
14.3.3 Case studies: two countries' pandemic responses
14.3.4 Evaluating a global disease eradication programme