Specification points
Cambridge Cambridge International AS Level Environmental Management 8291
150 points in 8 topics, with Cambridge's codes and titles.
Grade boundaries·Cambridge command words
Codes and titles are read by a script from Cambridge's published specification and have not been checked by a person. What each point covers is in the specification itself: Cambridge’s specification.
1 Introduction to environmental management
- 1.1 Continents and oceans
- 1.2 Country classification by income level
- 1.3 Sustainability
- 1.3.1 Sustainability
- 1.3.2 Sustainable management of resources
- 1.4 The water cycle
- 1.4.1 The water cycle
- 1.4.2 Water cycle diagrams
- 1.5 The structure and composition of the atmosphere
- 1.5.1 Components of the atmosphere
- 1.5.2 Layers of the atmosphere
- 1.5.3 Ozone layer in the stratosphere
- 1.5.4 Ozone layer and ultraviolet radiation
- 1.5.5 Natural greenhouse effect
- 1.6 Ecosystems
- 1.6.1 Biome, ecosystem, population, community, habitat and niche
- 1.6.2 Biotic and abiotic components
- 1.6.3 Biotic factors and biodiversity
- 1.6.4 Biotic interactions
- 1.6.5 Photosynthesis
- 1.6.6 Photosynthesis equations
- 1.6.7 Chlorophyll
- 1.6.8 Limiting factors of photosynthesis
- 1.6.9 Photosynthesis and the carbon cycle
- 1.6.10 Producers, consumers and decomposers
- 1.6.11 Trophic levels
- 1.6.12 Feeding levels in food chains and webs
- 1.6.13 Energy transfer in food chains
- 1.6.14 Energy loss in food chains
- 1.6.15 Constructing food chains and webs
- 1.6.16 Aerobic respiration
- 1.6.17 Respiration equations
- 1.6.18 The carbon cycle
- 1.6.19 Carbon cycle diagrams
2 Environmental research and data collection
- 2.1 The scientific method
- 2.1.1 The scientific method
- 2.1.2 Formulating hypotheses
- 2.1.3 Designing investigations
- 2.1.4 Dependent and independent variables
- 2.1.5 Interpreting data against a hypothesis
- 2.1.6 Measurement limitations and uncertainty
- 2.1.7 Hypothesis to theory
- 2.2 Environmental research in the context of climate change
- 2.2.1 Reliability and bias
- 2.2.2 Historical climate data
- 2.2.3 Bias and misuse of climate data
- 2.2.4 Unreliable data and false conclusions
- 2.3 Collection of environmental data
- 2.3.1 Sampling for representative data
- 2.3.2 Random and systematic sampling
- 2.3.3 Choosing random or systematic sampling
- 2.3.4 Evaluating sampling strategies
- 2.4 Data collection techniques and data analysis
- 2.4.1 Sampling techniques
- 2.4.2 Pros and cons of sampling techniques
- 2.4.3 Choosing and using sampling techniques
- 2.4.4 Population and biodiversity calculations
- 2.5 The use of technology in data collection and analysis
- 2.5.1 Technology in data collection
- 2.5.2 Big data
- 2.5.3 Pros and cons of big data analysis
3 Managing human population
- 3.1 Human population dynamics and structure
- 3.1.1 Population density calculation
- 3.1.2 Factors affecting population density and distribution
- 3.1.3 Population size and age composition
- 3.1.4 Birth, death and migration rates
- 3.1.5 Dependency ratio
- 3.1.6 Population structures of HICs and LICs
- 3.2 Impacts of human population change
- 3.3 Managing human population change
4 Managing ecosystems and biodiversity
- 4.1 Ecosystems
- 4.1.1 Major terrestrial biomes
- 4.1.2 Primary and secondary succession
- 4.1.3 Gross and net primary productivity
- 4.1.4 Ecosystem productivity
- 4.1.5 Efficiency of energy transfer
- 4.1.6 Ecological pyramids
- 4.1.7 Shapes of ecological pyramids
- 4.2 Managing the conservation of biodiversity
- 4.2.1 Native and invasive species
- 4.2.2 Impacts of invasive species
- 4.2.3 Benefits of conserving biodiversity
- 4.2.4 Legislation and protocols for conservation
- 4.2.5 The EDGE programme
- 4.2.6 Captive breeding and release
- 4.2.7 Habitat conservation and creation
- 4.3 Impacts of human activity on ecosystems
- 4.3.1 Human impacts on tropical rainforests
- 4.3.2 Managing tropical rainforest impacts
- 4.3.3 Human impacts on Antarctica
- 4.3.4 Managing impacts on Antarctica
5 Managing resources
- 5.1 Food security
- 5.1.1 Food security
- 5.1.2 Causes of food insecurity
- 5.1.3 Impacts of food insecurity
- 5.1.4 Managing food security
- 5.2 Energy resources
- 5.2.1 Renewable and non-renewable energy
- 5.2.2 Energy security
- 5.2.3 Causes of energy insecurity
- 5.2.4 Impacts of energy insecurity
- 5.2.5 Managing energy security
- 5.3 Waste management
- 5.3.1 Waste disposal and treatment methods
- 5.3.2 Impacts of waste disposal
- 5.3.3 Reducing waste disposal impacts
6 Managing water supplies
7 Managing the atmosphere
- 7.1 Acid deposition
- 7.1.1 Acid deposition
- 7.1.2 Wet and dry deposition
- 7.1.3 Formation of acid deposition
- 7.1.4 Impacts of acid deposition
- 7.2 Photochemical smog
- 7.2.1 Photochemical smog
- 7.2.2 Impacts of photochemical smog
- 7.3 Managing air pollution
- 7.4 Ozone depletion
- 7.4.1 How ozone depletion occurs
- 7.4.2 Dobson Units
- 7.4.3 Ozone hole
- 7.4.4 Ozone depletion over Antarctica
- 7.4.5 Impacts of ozone depletion
- 7.4.6 International agreements on ozone
- 7.4.7 Impacts of alternatives to ozone-depleting substances
- 7.4.8 Evidence and the ozone destruction hypothesis
8 Managing climate change
- 8.1 Climate change
- 8.1.1 Greenhouse gases
- 8.1.2 Sources of greenhouse gas emissions
- 8.1.3 Enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming
- 8.1.4 Difficulties of monitoring and predicting climate change
- 8.2 The impacts of climate change
- 8.2.1 Environmental impacts of climate change
- 8.2.2 Impacts of climate change on people
- 8.3 Managing climate change
- 8.3.1 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- 8.3.2 Geo-engineering strategies
- 8.3.3 Evaluating climate change strategies